Atheist philosopher J. L. Mackie accepted that, if objective moral truths existed, they would warrant a supernatural explanation.

American philosopher Michael Martin argues that it is not necessarily true that objective moral truths must entail the existence of God, suggesting that there could be alternative explanations: he argues that naturalism may be an acceptable explanation and, even if a supernatural explanation is necessary, it does not have to be God ( polytheism is a viable alternative ).

British philosopher John Locke argued that moral rules cannot be established from conscience because the differences in people's consciences would lead to contradictions.

It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism ; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity.

Prefect Orestes enjoyed the political backing of Hypatia, an astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had considerable moral authority in the city of Alexandria, and who had extensive influence.

Ethical egoism, as a category of moral philosophies, was introduced by the philosopher Henry Sidgwick in his The Methods of Ethics, written in 1874.

* Jesse Prinz – American philosopher who specializes in emotion, moral psychology, aesthetics and consciousness

A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, one of his major contributions to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, " the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers ".

Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 – 1982 ) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest.

During the reign of Nero from 54 to 68, the Stoic philosopher Seneca wrote a number of dialogues and letters on such moral themes as mercy and generosity.

The earlier, longer and more complete passage comes from a stoic philosopher called Antipater of Tarsus in a moral tract known as On Marriage ( c. 150 BC ).

Written in 1776 by Adam Smith, a Scottish moral philosopher, The Wealth of Nations aims for efficient organization of work through Specialization of labor.

Italian anti-fascist philosopher Benedetto Croce ( 1925 ) concludes Machiavelli is simply a " realist " or " pragmatist " who accurately states that moral values in reality do not greatly affect the decisions that political leaders make.

German philosopher Ernst Cassirer ( 1946 ) held that Machiavelli simply adopts the stance of a political scientist — a Galileo of politics — in distinguishing between the " facts " of political life and the " values " of moral judgment.

" The Scottish moral philosopher Francis Hutcheson, as a student at Glasgow, " was attracted most by Cicero, for whom he always professed the greatest admiration.

He admired him as a patriot, valued his opinions as a moral philosopher, and there is little doubt that he looked upon Cicero's life, with his love of study and aristocratic country life, as a model for his own.

* Bernard Williams: A British moral philosopher whose posthumously published work on political philosophy ' In the Beginning was the Deed ' has been seen-along with the works of Raymond Geuss-as a key foundational work on Political Realism.

The moral or political response is given by the conservative philosopher Richard M. Weaver in Ideas Have Consequences, where he describes how the acceptance of " the fateful doctrine of nominalism " was " the crucial event in the history of Western culture ; from this flowed those acts which issue now in modern decadence ".

Peter Albert David Singer AC ( born 6 July 1946 ) is an Australian moral philosopher.

The conservative English philosopher Roger Scruton is a representative of the intellectual wing of the Cornerstone group: his writings rarely touch on economics and instead focus on conservative perspectives concerning political, social, cultural and moral issues.

Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886.

* Zhang Zai, Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist ( b. 1020 )

The British moral philosopher John Stuart Mill also came to advocate a form of economic socialism within a liberal context.

Another criticism of the book, made by the philosopher Mary Midgley in her book Evolution as a Religion, is that it discusses philosophical and moral questions that go beyond the biological arguments that Dawkins makes.

The argument clearly depends on the assumption that if " good " were definable, it would be an analytic truth about " good ," an assumption many contemporary moral realists like Richard Boyd and Peter Railton reject.

Many objections to non-cognitivism based on the linguistic characteristics of what purport to be moral judgments were originally raised by Peter Glassen in " The Cognitivity of Moral Judgments ", published in Mind in January 1959, and in Glassen's follow-up article in the January 1963 issue of the same journal.

Some examples of robust moral realists include David Brink, John McDowell, Peter Railton, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Michael Smith, Terence Cuneo, Russ Shafer-Landau, G. E.

* The moral imperative to rebel against God by Peter S. Fosl in The Philosophers ' Magazine

She plays a strong role in providing moral support to Peter, but nothing much is really done by her in the third movie, nor is she ever targeted by Spider-Man's foes as in the previous two movies.

Lacking the moral influence of Ben or the need to stay secret for his aunt, Peter broke out of the orphanage he was sent to and began to defeat criminals for the reward money, matters coming to a head when he nearly killed the Green Goblin in a fight.

Another prominent position is that of philosopher Peter Singer, who argues that there are no grounds to include a being's species in considerations of whether their suffering is important in utilitarian moral considerations.

* The moral influence theory, which Aulen considered to be developed by Peter Abelard ( called by him the " idealistic " view ),

Machaut is also responsible for a poetic chronicle the chivalric deeds of Peter I of Cyprus ( the Prise d ' Alexandrie ) and for poetic works of consolation and moral philosophy.

* Peter Abelard: Abelard was a leading 12th-century philosopher and theologian, best known for his association with conceptualism and his development of the moral influence theory of atonement.

Among those who have argued in favor of health-care rationing are moral philosopher Peter Singer and former Oregon governor John Kitzhaber.

The principle also underlies Peter Singer's views, who is a moral utilitarian that has explicitly adopted it as the foundation of his ethical theory.

Finding the solution for the mystery does not mean, however, just handing the perpetrator to the police ; rather, solving the mystery arouses a complicated new problem involving legal, military, ethical and moral issues — which Lord Peter manages to neatly tie up.

Writing in 1982, Professor Peter Hogg expressed skepticism as to whether the courts could interpret and enforce this provision, noting its " political and moral, rather than legal " character.

So do some non-utilitarians such as Peter Unger, who rejects that it can make a substantive moral difference whether you bring the harm to the one or whether you move the one into the path of the harm.

As historian Peter Hinks made clear, Walker believed that the “ key to the uplift of the race was a zealous commitment to the tenets of individual moral improvement: education, temperance, protestant religious practice, regular work habits, and self-regulation .” Education and religion were especially important to Walker.

* " Weird Al " Yankovic and Wendy Carlos produced a comedic version in 1988, using a synthesized orchestra and many additions to the story and music ( Peter captures the wolf using his grandfather's dental floss, leading to the moral of the story, " Oral hygiene is very important.

Peter Caddy followed " an intuitive spontaneous inner knowing " and had many other influences from theosophy to the moral re-armament movement from which he developed methods of positive thinking and other methods he had learned in the Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship.

Premiere magazine's Glenn Kenny wrote, " it's Peter Sarsgaard, as the editor who serves Glass his, who walks away with the picture, metamorphosing his character's stiffness into a moral indignation that's jolting and, finally, invigorating ".

The play was reviewed by John Peter in The Sunday Times as " a play of blistering intelligence and fearless moral questioning ", although he considered it bordering on implausible.

" At Princeton, Wright was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.

Henry Harding MP, a British government minister on a moral crusade, hires an inexperienced young computer whizzkid, Peter Emery who works for a Christian computer company called Holy Hardware, to infiltrate the United Kingdom BDSM scene.

The East South Central States form the core of Old Dixie, one of the nine moral regions identified by James Patterson and Peter Kim in their acclaimed 1991 geopolitical best-seller, The Day America Told The Truth.