Since a -/- mutation in the APAF-1 gene is embryonic lethal, a gene trap strategy was used in order to generate an APAF-1 -/- mouse.

A positive test indicates that the chemical is mutagenic and therefore may act as a carcinogen, since cancer is often linked to mutation.

It is a deliberate respelling of bite to avoid accidental mutation to bit.

This particular type of growth is seen early in the fetus of a pregnant dam, which results in a calf that is born with two times the number of muscle fibers at birth than a calf with no myostatin gene mutation.

Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.

If the mutated sequence is present in the patient's genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation.

The leopard danio, previously known as Danio frankei, is a spotted colour morph of the zebrafish which arose due to a pigment mutation.

; Dennett's reply from natural selection: Suppose that, by some mutation, a human being is born that does not have Searle's " causal properties " but nevertheless acts exactly like a human being.

However, this assumes that such a mutation is possible.

For example, suppose a mutation at a chromosome position is responsible for a recessive trait in a diploid organism ( where chromosomes come in pairs ).

We say that the mutation is recessive because the organism will exhibit the wild type phenotype ( ordinary trait ) unless both chromosomes of a pair have the mutation ( homozygous mutation ).

Similarly, suppose a mutation at another position,, is responsible for the same recessive trait.

The positions and are said to be within the same cistron when an organism that has the mutation at on one chromosome and has the mutation at position on the paired chromosome exhibits the recessive trait even though the organism is not homozygous for either mutation.

He is a world-renowned geneticist, a leading expert in mutation, possesses considerable knowledge of various life sciences, and is the inventor of Cerebro.

Often the reason is genetic ( mutation or chromosome abnormality ), but there can be environmental influence ( like teratogens ) or stochastic events.

Abnormal development caused by mutation is also of evolutionary interest as it provides a mechanism for changes in body plan ( see evolutionary developmental biology ).

Dapple genes, which are dominant genes, are considered " dilution " genes, meaning whatever color the dog would have originally carried is lightened, or diluted, randomly ; two dominant " dilution " genes can cancel each other out, or " cross ", removing all color and producing a white recessive gene, essentially a white mutation.

It is imagined that alternative strategies of the game occasionally occur, via a process like mutation.

These are capable of the most severe types of molecular damage, which can happen in biology to any type of biomolecule, including mutation and cancer, and often at great depths from the skin, since the higher end of the X-ray spectrum, and all of the gamma ray spectrum, are penetrating to matter.

All versions of Gamma World eschew a realistic portrayal of genetic mutation, instead giving characters fantastic abilities ( often resembling comic book superpowers ) such as electrical generation, infravision, quills, sonic attacks, multiple limbs, dual brains, total body carapaces, precognition, planar travel, weather manipulation, telepathy, and " life leeching ".

" The Irrealist work, then, operates within a given system ," writes Swinford, " and attests to its plausibility, despite the fact that this system, and the world it represents, is often a mutation, an aberration.

The two hit hypothesis ( aka Knudson hypothesis ) is often used to explain the manifestation of polycystic kidney disease later in life even though the mutation is present at birth.

That is, where the number of elements which are exposed to mutation is large there is often an exponential increase in search space size.

Unfortunately, it is often the case that little information regarding phenotype can be gleaned from precise knowledge of the AR mutation itself ; it is well established that the same AR mutation may cause significant variation in the degree of masculinization in different individuals, even among members of the same family.

This was not as much of a problem in males, but in female carriers, where the fragile site could generally only be seen in 10 % of cells, the mutation often could not be visualised.

For instance, in Western populations the H1069Q mutation ( replacement of a histidine by a glutamine at position 1069 in the protein ) is present in 37 – 63 % of cases, while in China this mutation is very uncommon and R778L ( arginine to leucine at 778 ) is found more often.

Chromosomal abnormalities can also occur in cancerous cells of an otherwise genetically normal individual ; one well-documented example is the Philadelphia chromosome, a translocation mutation commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia and less often with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In the 19th century, plantings in Bordeaux were often interspersed with Sauvignon vert ( In Chile, known as Sauvignonasse ) as well as the Sauvignon Blanc pink mutation Sauvignon Gris.

The chronological order of mutations is sometimes important, with a primary KRAS mutation generally leading to a self-limiting hyperplastic or borderline lesion, but if occurring after a previous APC mutation it often progresses to cancer.

If two genotypes, for example one with the nucleotide G and another with the nucleotide A in the same position, have the same fitness, but mutation from G to A happens more often than mutation from A to G, then genotypes with A will tend to evolve.

However, good functional language compilers will often recognize when an object very similar to an existing one is created and then the old one thrown away, and will optimize this into a simple mutation " under-the-hood ".

Progressive creationism is the religious belief that God allows certain natural process ( such as gene mutation and natural selection ) to affect the development of life, but has also directly intervened at key moments in life ’ s history to guide those processes or, in some views, create new species altogether ( often to replenish the earth ).

Alu elements are a common source of mutation in humans, but such mutations are often confined to non-coding regions where they have little discernible impact on the bearer.

However, unlike animal chimeras, both types of tissues may have originated from the same zygote, and the difference is often due to mutation during ordinary cell division.

There are often authentic accounts of the origin of chimeras by spontaneous or induced mutations, by the sorting-out from variegated seedlings after plastid mutation, by grafting, by the layering of mixed populations of cells within callus tissue cultures, and by somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion.

Site-directed mutagenesis, also called site-specific mutagenesis or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, is a molecular biology technique often used in biomolecular engineering in which a mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule.

A mutation resulting in a disease state is often recessive, so both alleles must be mutant in order for the disease to be expressed phenotypically.

Females with a MECP2 mutation, however, have a non-mutant chromosome that provides them enough normal protein to survive longer.

The sequences were not identical but the deviation observed is not large enough to exclude a relationship as the difference could be caused by a mutation.

Over time, however, her body absorbed enough particles to cause cellular mutation due to repeated exposure to Pym particles to allow her to alter her size at will.

Some of the genes are in danger of going extinct because the cats are not sold beyond the region where the mutation originated or there is simply not enough demand for cats expressing the mutation.

This mutation, which at first glance appeared to be harmful, conferred enough of an advantage to heterozygotes to make it beneficial, so that it remained at dynamic equilibrium in the gene pool.

If the population is large enough, or if the mutation

Haploinsufficiency occurs when a diploid organism only has a single functional copy of a gene ( with the other copy inactivated by mutation ) and the single functional copy of the gene does not produce enough of a gene product ( typically a protein ) to bring about a wild-type condition, leading to an abnormal or diseased state.

Haplosufficiency is the opposite case: when a diploid organism only has a single functional copy of a gene ( with the other copy inactivated by mutation ) and the single functional copy of the gene produces enough of a gene product ( typically a protein ) to bring about a wild-type condition.

Each cell has two copies of a same gene, one from each parent, and, under most cases, gain of function mutation in one copy of a particular proto-oncogene is enough to make that gene a true oncogene, while usually loss of function mutation must happen in both copies of a tumor suppressor gene to render that gene completely non-functional.

T − 13910 is a greater enhancer than C − 13910, so it is thought that this mutation is responsible for the differences in lactase expression although there is not enough evidence to prove that lactase persistence is only caused by C − 13910 → T − 13910.