Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes .< ref name = Sniegowski > Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates, which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e. g. the human immune system.

The name is derived from Middle English buterflie, butturflye, boterflye, from Old English butorflēoge, buttorflēoge, buterflēoge, perhaps a compound of butor ( beater ), mutation of bēatan ( to beat ), and flēoge ( fly ).

Reelin's name comes from the abnormal reeling gait of reeler mice, which were later found to have a deficiency of this brain protein and were homozygous for mutation of the RELN gene.

The Cornish Rex is a genetic mutation that originated from a litter of kittens born in the 1950s on a farm in Cornwall, UK ; hence the first part of the breed's name.

The cat is not related to the Japanese Bobtail despite the similar name and physical type — the breeding programs are entirely unrelated and the mutation causing the bobbed tail is different because the mutation causing the American Bobtail's tail is dominant, whereas the Japanese Bobtail tail mutation is recessive.

Its name is a mutation of the French word ' connexion ' meaning " connection ".

The variation on the normal duprasi coat is more gray in color, which may be a mutation, or it may be the result of hybrids between the Egyptian and Algerian subspecies of duprasi .< ref name =" gerbilinfo ">" Fat-Tailed Gerbil ( Duprasi ).

Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes .< ref name = Sniegowski > Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates, which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e. g. the human immune system.

Causes can either be genetic ( 9p22-24, 11q23, 22q11, FGFR1 mutation ), metabolic ( TSH suppletion in hypothyroidism ) or pharmaceutical < ref name = LajeunieE1998 > Lajeunie E, Le_Merrer M, Marchac D, Renier D. Syndromal and nonsyndromal primary trigonocephaly: analysis of a series of 237 patients.

In the film, Warren ( referred to as " Angel " in the credits but never called by this name in the dialogue ) is a young man in his early twenties, the son of a rich industrialist who is motivated by his son's mutation to create a " cure " for mutants.

After the mutation, he then changes his name to Kraven the Hunter and goes after Spider-Man.

COX-3 is a splice variant of COX-1, which retains intron one and has a frameshift mutation ; thus some prefer the name COX-1b or COX-1 variant ( COX-1v ).

If he had stipulated that the name was a formal name, governed by rules of nomenclature, then his spelling would have been an orthogonal mutation and one would simply correct the spelling in subsequent publications ( e. g. Straminopiles ).

* Sickle-cell anemia ( from the name of the responsible mutation, " SSA ")

It is believed that the name is a mutation of the words Skarth and haugr meaning ' gap ' and ' mound ' respectively.

Since a -/- mutation in the APAF-1 gene is embryonic lethal, a gene trap strategy was used in order to generate an APAF-1 -/- mouse.

A positive test indicates that the chemical is mutagenic and therefore may act as a carcinogen, since cancer is often linked to mutation.

It is a deliberate respelling of bite to avoid accidental mutation to bit.

This particular type of growth is seen early in the fetus of a pregnant dam, which results in a calf that is born with two times the number of muscle fibers at birth than a calf with no myostatin gene mutation.

Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.

If the mutated sequence is present in the patient's genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation.

The leopard danio, previously known as Danio frankei, is a spotted colour morph of the zebrafish which arose due to a pigment mutation.

; Dennett's reply from natural selection: Suppose that, by some mutation, a human being is born that does not have Searle's " causal properties " but nevertheless acts exactly like a human being.

However, this assumes that such a mutation is possible.

For example, suppose a mutation at a chromosome position is responsible for a recessive trait in a diploid organism ( where chromosomes come in pairs ).

We say that the mutation is recessive because the organism will exhibit the wild type phenotype ( ordinary trait ) unless both chromosomes of a pair have the mutation ( homozygous mutation ).

Similarly, suppose a mutation at another position,, is responsible for the same recessive trait.

The positions and are said to be within the same cistron when an organism that has the mutation at on one chromosome and has the mutation at position on the paired chromosome exhibits the recessive trait even though the organism is not homozygous for either mutation.

He is a world-renowned geneticist, a leading expert in mutation, possesses considerable knowledge of various life sciences, and is the inventor of Cerebro.

Often the reason is genetic ( mutation or chromosome abnormality ), but there can be environmental influence ( like teratogens ) or stochastic events.

Abnormal development caused by mutation is also of evolutionary interest as it provides a mechanism for changes in body plan ( see evolutionary developmental biology ).

Dapple genes, which are dominant genes, are considered " dilution " genes, meaning whatever color the dog would have originally carried is lightened, or diluted, randomly ; two dominant " dilution " genes can cancel each other out, or " cross ", removing all color and producing a white recessive gene, essentially a white mutation.

It is imagined that alternative strategies of the game occasionally occur, via a process like mutation.

The first major challenge to conventional eugenics based upon genetic inheritance was made in 1915 by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who demonstrated the event of genetic mutation occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a fruit fly with white eyes from a family and ancestry of the red-eyed Drosophila melanogaster species of fruit fly.

While inferences about protein folding can be made through mutation studies ; typically, experimental techniques for studying protein folding rely on the gradual unfolding or folding of a solution of proteins and observing conformational changes using standard non-crystallographic techniques for observing protein structure.

Sometime in the late 1980s, a mutation occurred in Uganda that made the virus even more harmful, causing the complete loss of leaves.

He made his approach public through his book, Communisme: la mutation.

Cross resistance, a related phenomenon, occurs when the genetic mutation that made the pest resistant to one pesticide also makes it resistant to other pesticides, especially ones with similar mechanisms of action.

In 1919, Muller made the important discovery of a mutant ( later found to be a chromosomal inversion ) that appeared to suppress crossing-over, which opened up new avenues in mutation rate studies.

Under Buffet the party embarked on a process of reconstruction, reversing some of the moves made during la mutation.

It is a chimeric mutation of Pinot: its inner cell layers are composed of a Pinot genotype which is close to Pinot noir or Pinot gris ; the outer, epidermal, layer is however made up of a mutant, distinctive, genotype.

While his brothers wrestle with the implications of their mutation and their place in the world, Michelangelo enjoys relaxing in front of the TV, skateboarding throughout the labyrinthine underground sewers that the Turtles have made their home, reading comic books, and in other media, eating lots of pizza.

It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution ( for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary ).

In addition, after a diagnosis is made by biochemical means, mutation analysis may be performed for certain disorders.

In 2004 Erythromelalgia became the first human disorder in which it has been possible to associate an ion channel mutation with chronic neuropathic pain ; this became possible when a Yale neurologist spotted a Beijing geneticists team paper in the Journal of Medical Genetics titled " Mutations in SCN9A, Encoding a Sodium Channel Alpha Subunit, in Patients With Primary Erythromelalgia "; a connection was made that this sodium channel mutation was expressed primarily in peripheral pain sensing neurons.

For example, Eero Mäntyranta, an Olympic cross country skier, had a mutation which made his body produce abnormally high amounts of red blood cells.

Examination of this gene in 497 patients in the Amazonas State, Brazil, made by the doctor Sérgio Albuquerque, suggests that the genotypes FY * A / FY * B-33 and FY * B / FY * B-33 ( where-33 refers to the null mutation at position-33 in the GATA box ) may have an advantage over the genotypes FY * A / FY * B and FY * A / FY * A, FY * A / FY * B, FY * A / FY * X and FY * B / FY * X. FY * A / FY * B and FY * A / FY * A genotypes showed to be associated with increased rates of P. vivax infection and FY * B / FY * X and FY * A / FY * X were shown to be associated with the low levels of parasitism.

In 1924, at the behest of Marks and William Zeuch, another principal at the factory, Skinner made his second trip to England, this time meeting with Henry Willis, III, the grandson of " Father " Henry Willis ( Sr .), and spending considerable time in France with Marcel Dupré learning about mutation stops and chorus work of the French Romantic Organ.

Many studies had previously indicated that many people with thrombosis showed resistance activated protein C. In 1994 a group in Leiden, The Netherlands, identified the most common underlying defect — a mutation in factor V that made it resistant to the action of activated protein C. The defect was called factor V Leiden, as genetic abnormalities are typically named after the place where they are discovered.

When Cessily's powers manifested, her parents were disgusted and made her stay indoors so as to hide her mutation.

* The Reaper Strain is the genetic mutation created by the Vampire race in the film Blade II, a reference to this mutant strain is made in the sequel, Blade: Trinity

* Can they be made to bind by inducing a mutation?