In film theory, genre ( or ) refers to the method based on similarities in the narrative elements from which films are constructed.

A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry ; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.

Richard Ned Lebow terms Thucydides " the last of the tragedians ", stating that " Thucydides drew heavily on epic poetry and tragedy to construct his history, which not surprisingly is also constructed as a narrative.

It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity, set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France, a comparison common to the period, as expressed in Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History and Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities.

The jointly constructed narrative assigns primary moral responsibility for role performance problems to the departing member and interprets organizational permission as commitment to extraordinary moral standards and preservation of public trust.

Such elements include the essential idea of narrative structure, with identifiable beginnings, middles and endings, or exposition-development-climax-resolution-denouement, normally constructed into coherent plot lines ; a strong focus on temporality, which includes retention of the past, attention to present action, and protention / future anticipation ; a substantial focus on characters and characterization which is " arguably the most important single component of the novel "; a given heterogloss of different voices dialogically at play – " the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms and registers "; possesses a narrator or narrator-like voice, which by definition " addresses " and " interacts with " reading audiences ( see Reader Response theory ); communicates with a Wayne Booth-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, conditioning a plotted narrative, and other at other times much more visible, " arguing " for and against various positions ; relies substantially on now-standard aesthetic figuration, particularly including the use of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony ( see Hayden White, Metahistory for expansion of this idea ); is often enmeshed in intertextuality, with copious connections, references, allusions, similarities, parallels, etc.

Rather than a mistake or flaw on Pynchon's part, this narrative structure is constructed to be inexact in a ( perhaps paradoxically ) precise fashion ; it demonstrates the fragility, rather than the secure foundations, of any historical record, and indeed, history itself.

Such elements include the essential idea of narrative structure, with identifiable beginnings, middles and ends, or exposition-development-climax-denouement, with important inciting incidents, normally constructed into coherent plot lines ; a strong focus on temporality that includes retention of the past, attention to present action and protention / future anticipation ; a substantial focus on characters and characterization which is " arguably the most important single component of the novel " ( David Lodge The Art of Fiction 67 ); a given hetergloss of different voices dialogically at play, " the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms and registers " ( Lodge The Art of Fiction 97 ; see also the theory of Mikhail Bakhtin for expansion of this idea ); possesses a narrator or narrator-like voice, which by definition " addresses " and " interacts with " reading audiences ( see Reader Response theory ); communicates with a Wayne Booth-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, conditioning a plotted narrative, and other at other times much more visible, " arguing " for and against various positions ; relies substantially on now-standard aesthetic figuration, particularly including the use of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony ( see Hayden White, Metahistory for expansion of this idea ); is often enmeshed in intertextuality, with copious connections, references, allusions, similarities, parallels, etc.

Because stories are complex, the story ’ s truth is constructed and the researcher is subjective, it is necessary to determine what the assessment criteria should be for narrative inquiry research.

The French musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez contends that ‘ the narrative, strictly speaking, is not in the music, but in the plot imagined and constructed by the listeners ’.

George Kilpatrick and separately Michael Patella state that a comparison of the Nativity stories of Luke and Matthew show common elements in terms of the virgin births, the birth at Bethlehem and the upbringing at Nazareth and that although there are differences in the accounts of the Nativity in Luke and Matthew, a general narrative may be constructed by combining the two.

Although made of stone, they were carved and constructed in the manner of wood and the gateways were covered with narrative sculptures.

Since the ending is the point at which a narrative ends, a " happy ending " is constructed in a way so as to imply that, after the conclusion of the narrative, the lives of all the " good " characters will be filled with happiness and that any unpleasantness they encounter will be negligible.

* Christopher Tolkien's explanation of how he, with the collaboration of future fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay, constructed Chapter 22 of the Quenta Silmarillion, since none of his father's accounts of this episode were recent enough to fit the narrative in its final form.

Some commentators attributed his followers ' willingness to commit suicide to his skill as a manipulator, while others argued that their willingness was due to their faith in the narrative that he constructed.

Richard Hecht of the University of California, Santa Barbara, echoes this sentiment, arguing that members of the group committed suicide because they believed the narrative that he had constructed, rather than because he psychologically controlled them.

" In addition, " whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant, Indian filmmakers made no attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation, an illusion, a fiction.

The most common in literature and story-telling in the English, Chinese, Italian, and Portuguese languages ; the events of the plot are depicted as occurring sometime before the current moment or the time at which the narrative was constructed or expressed to an audience.

Secondly, he constructed a narrative from Creation to his present day, again similar to Herodotus or the Hebrew Bible.

With the occasional intervention of the author as a character ( as in the earlier Cárcel de Amor ( Prison of Love ) by Diego de San Pedro ), its narrative structure ( divided in 3 parts and 66 mamotretos ) goes on the line begun by Celestina and the narration constructed on the basis of dialogues:

This dichotomy generates a rich range of metaphors, but perhaps this novel's most important attribute is the way in which both worlds are constructed, and their importance as " chronotopes " in the narrative.

The discovery at Sanxingdui, as well as other discoveries such as the Xingan tombs in Jiangxi, challenges the traditional narrative of Chinese civilization spreading from the central plain of the Yellow River, and Chinese archaeologists have began to speak of " multiple centers of innovation jointly ancestral to Chinese civilization.

But after 1832, the narrative tends to lose its balanced, many-sided quality and to become a medley of topics, often unconnected by any single thread.

The bondage endurable by an oral poet is to be estimated only by a very skilful oral poet, but it appears safe to assume that no sustained narrative in rhyme could be composed without extreme difficulty, even in a language of many terminal inflections.

these films and these sequences are also seeking out -- instinctively or by design -- the peculiarly cinematic elements of narrative.

The game is unusual in that no dice are used in resolving conflicts or player actions ; instead a simple diceless system of comparative ability, and narrative description of the action by the players and gamemaster, is used to determine how situations are resolved.

* " Absalom, Absalom " is the title of a song on the 1996 Compass CD Making Light of It by singer / songwriter Pierce Pettis, incorporating several elements of the biblical narrative.

Books 2 – 6 of the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, a Latin prose narrative of the same events apparently compiled by Richard, a canon of Holy Trinity, London, are closely related to Ambroise's poem.

Pervo sees Luke ’ s work as a “ legitimizing narrative ” because it makes “ a case by telling a story ( or stories )” and serves to legitimate either “ Pauline Christianity ( possibly in rivalry to other interpretations ) or generally as the claim of the Jesus-movement to possess the Israelite heritage .” On the other hand, some scholars greatly disagree with the view of legitimation because they believe that it “ mirror-reads ” Luke ’ s work attempting to uncover the circumstances surrounding Luke ’ s work by over-arguing something that may not be that valid.

This is immediately followed by a narrative which is set in Jerusalem.

Li ' l Abner: A Study in American Satire by Arthur Asa Berger ( Twayne, 1969 ) contained serious analyses of Capp's narrative technique, his use of dialogue, self-caricature and grotesquerie, the place of Li ' l Abner in American satire, and the significance of social criticism and the graphic image.

Tales concerning the Skjöldungs, possibly originating as early as the 6th century, were later used as a narrative basis in such texts as Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus and Hrólfs saga kraka.

The Torah's Joseph narrative, at a stage when Joseph is unrecognised by his brothers, describes Joseph as testing whether his brothers have reformed, by secretly planting a silver cup in Benjamin's bag, then publicly searching the bags for it, and after finding it in Benjamin's possession, demanding that Benjamin become his slave as a punishment.

According to this view, the story of Jacob's visit to Laban to obtain a wife originated as a metaphor for this migration, with the property and family which were gained from Laban representing the gains of the Joseph tribes by the time they returned from Egypt ; according to textual scholars, the Jahwist version of the Laban narrative only mentions the Joseph tribes, and Rachel, and does not mention the other tribal matriarchs whatsoever.

This order is based upon that found in the Septuagint and followed by the Vulgate, since the material is historical and the narrative flows seamlessly into the book of Ezra.

* Ark narrative ( 1 Samuel 4: 1b-7: 1 and 2 Samuel 6: 1-20 ): the ark's capture by the Philistines in the time of Eli and its transfer to Jerusalem by David-opinion is divided over whether this is actually an independent unit.

The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully, always respecting " the Lord's anointed " ( i. e. Saul ) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence.

Though Naomi was a destitute widow at the time she re-entered Bethlehem, yet by the end of the narrative, we see her embracing her grandson as her foster-child.

In 1994, the biopic Ed Wood, directed by Tim Burton, alleged that Wood and the filmmakers stole the mechanical octopus ( previously used in the film Wake of the Red Witch ) from the Republic Studios backlot, while failing to steal the motor which enabled the prop to move realistically, although, by the director's admission, the film preferred narrative interest over historical accuracy.

The Ladaínha is a narrative solo sung only at the beginning of a roda, often by a mestre ( master ) or most respected capoeirista present.

A comic book or comicbook, also called comic paper or comic magazine ( often shortened to simply comic or comics ) is a magazine made up of " comics "— narrative artwork in the form of separate panels that represent individual scenes, often accompanied by dialog ( usually in word balloons, emblematic of the comic book art form ) as well as including brief descriptive prose.

" People of the Dark " is a remembrance story of " past lives ", and in its first-person narrative the protagonist describes one of his previous incarnations: Conan, a black-haired barbarian hero who swears by a deity called Crom.