* Edwin Black was a rhetorical critic best known for his book Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method ( 1965 ) in which he criticized the dominant " neo-Aristotelian " tradition in American rhetorical criticism as having little in common with Aristotle " besides some recurrent topics of discussion and a vaguely derivative view of rhetorical discourse.

The contemporary neo-Aristotelian and neo-Sophistic positions on rhetoric mirror the division between the Sophists and Aristotle.

Rhetorical theory and criticism in the first half of the 20th century was dominated by neo-Aristotelian criticism, the tenets of which were grounded in the Rhetoric and summed up most clearly in 1925 by Herbert Wichelns.

He has defended the arguments of Ayn Rand for ethical egoism, and also writes frequently on business ethics, a field in which he deploys a neo-Aristotelian ethical stance whereby commercial and business conduct gain their moral standing by constituting extensions of the virtues of productivity and prudence.

Following the neo-Aristotelian approaches to criticism, scholars began to derive methods from other disciplines, such as history, philosophy, and the social sciences.

The dominance of neo-Aristotelian criticism was " virtually unchallenged until the 1960s " and even now is considered not only as one of many approaches to criticism, but as fundamental for understanding other theoretical and critical approaches as they " developed largely in response to strengths and weaknesses.

Contemporary rhetorical criticism has maintained aspects of early neo-Aristotelian thinking through close reading, which attempts to explore the organization and stylistic structure of a rhetorical object.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, methodological pluralism replaced the singular neo-Aristotelian method.

Particularly important ( not least for its influence upon others, both in their interpretation of Aristotle and in rehabilitating a neo-Aristotelian " practical philosophy ") was his radical reinterpretation of Book Six of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and several books of the Metaphysics.

Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

He had a neo-Aristotelian interpretation of the Bible.

For Maimonides, and other philosophers in the neo-Aristotelian mold, it is idolatry to believe that God has positive attributes.

In the early medieval era there had been a tendency for some Jewish religious rationalists to reinterpret classical Jewish theology in the light of then-current philosophy, specifically neo-Aristotelian rationalism.

Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski has proposed a neo-Aristotelian model of virtue epistemology, emphasizing the role of phronesis as an architectonic virtue unifying moral and intellectual virtues even more radically than Aristotle proposed, with each virtue possessing a motivation and an end.

For this reason, Damon has been criticized as an individualist, a universalist, and a neo-Aristotelian, positions which have all been out of vogue in the social sciences in recent years.

Bhikkhu Bodhi, an American Buddhist monk, has written: " By assigning value and spiritual ideals to private subjectivity, the materialistic world view ... threatens to undermine any secure objective foundation for morality.

Kocher notes that Tolkien's literary techniques require us to increasingly view Hobbits as like us, especially when placed under moral pressure to survive a war that threatens to devastate their land.

Its proliferation is viewed critically from a biological point of view, since it threatens to displace endangered local species, especially on the heaths.

Outside the UN, the amendment was criticised by organizations including Reporters Without Borders, Index on Censorship, Human Rights Watch and the International Humanist and Ethical Union, all of whom share the view that the amendment threatens freedom of expression.

The group, led by Henry, begin to view Bunny as the weak link who threatens to reveal their secret, and Bunny does not ingratiate himself to the others with his knack for playing on his friends ' fears and insecurities.

The membership records provided to ward and branch leaders normally do not contain information regarding past discipline ; however, a membership record is annotated when a person has been disciplined for incest, sexual or serious physical abuse of a child, plural marriage, an elective transsexual operation, repeated homosexual activities by adults, embezzlement of church funds or property, or other conduct that, in the church's view, " threatens the well being of other persons or of the Church.

In another study chromium-substituted aluminum oxyhydroxides and related species, prepared homogeneously by high-temperature hydrolysis, are being characterized and investigated spectrally in the ultraviolet region with a view to identification and semiquantitative estimation of the phases formed under varying preparative conditions.

A common criticism has been that many social science scholars ( such as economists, sociologists, and psychologists ) in Western countries focus disproportionately on Western subjects, while anthropology focuses disproportionately on the " other "; this has changed over the last part of the twentieth century as anthropologists increasingly, also study Western subjects, particularly variation across class, region, or ethnicity within Western societies, and other social scientists increasingly take a global view of their fields.

In October 2010, John Graham-Cumming started a campaign to raise funds by " public subscription " to enable serious historical and academic study of Babbage's plans, with a view to then build and test a fully working virtual design which will then in turn enable construction of the physical Analytical Engine.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

He shifted attention from the study of individual varieties to the relative point of view ( pairs of varieties related by a morphism ), allowing a broad generalization of many classical theorems.

He offers a criticism of nature worship ; a study of humanity's metaphysical loneliness, and his view that we can consider God to be in search of humanity.

The former view uses connectionism to study the mind, whereas the latter emphasizes symbolic computations.

The scholarly study of these manuscripts from the point of view of the bookbinding craft is called codicology ; the study of ancient documents in general is called paleography.

" A similar view of Dobrawa's burial place was expressed earlier, in 1843, by Edward Raczyński in his study Wspomnienia Wielkopolski to jest województw poznańskiego, kaliskiego i gnieźnieńskiego ( Memories of the Greater Poland districts of Poznań, Kalisz and Gniezno ).

Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections ( especially with a view to predicting future results ).

This point of view turned out to be particularly useful for the study of differential and integral equations.

In 1812, he went to Paris at the expense of the Bavarian government, with a view to devoting himself vigorously to the study of Sanskrit.

Jews who hold by this view generally try to use modern methods of historical study to learn how Jewish law has changed over time, and are in some cases more willing to change Jewish law in the present.

In Binet's view, there were limitations with the scale and he stressed what he saw as the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures ( White, 2000 ).

This view of language is associated with the study of language in pragmatic, cognitive and interactional frameworks, as well as in socio-linguistics and linguistic anthropology.

This view places importance on the study of linguistic typology, classification of languages according to structural features, as it can be shown that processes of grammaticalization tend to follow trajectories that are partly dependent on typology.

Up to this study, only physicians and psychiatrists studied sexual behavior, and almost always the results were interpreted with a moral view.

# To encourage the study of Cornish history from a Cornish point of view.

In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely ( its group representations ), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view.

Because Malpighi was concerned with teratology ( the scientific study of the visible conditions caused by the interruption or alteration of normal development ) he expressed grave misgivings about the view of his contemporaries that the galls of trees and herbs gave birth to insects.

From the point of view of functional analysis, calculus is the study of two linear operators: the differential operator, and the indefinite integral operator.

Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works.

As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing ( as per the logical positivists view ) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless.