It spans many levels of analysis, from low-level learning and decision mechanisms to high-level logic and planning ; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization.

The organization and neural pathways of the hippocampus are very similar in humans and other mammal species.

In 2000, Hart became a member of the Board of Directors of the Institute for Music and Neurologic Function, a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to seek to establish new knowledge and develop more effective therapies which awaken, stimulate and heal through the extraordinary power of music – continuing his investigation into the connection between healing and rhythm, and the neural basis of rhythm.

Webvision: The neural organization of the vertebrate retina.

The limits of the application of reductionism become especially evident at levels of organization with higher amounts of complexity, including culture, neural networks, ecosystems, and other systems formed from assemblies of large numbers of interacting components.

He then asks us to conceive of changing one agent into the other by the replacement of parts ( neural parts replaced by silicon, say ) while preserving its causal organization.

This is an organization that is developing a wavefunction collapse inhibitor neural mod, the " eigenstate mod ".

Ishai and colleagues have proposed the object form topology hypothesis, which posits that there is a topological organization of neural substrates for object and facial processing.

She demonstrated the critical role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex for the temporal organization of memory and her work showed that there is partial separability of the neural circuits subserving recognition memory from those mediating memory for temporal order.

Mantegazza was a neurophysiologist, and when he wrote the book, impressive discoveries were being made at a quick pace around European laboratories on the organization and function of the nervous system, by scientists like Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Charles Scott Sherrington, Emil du Bois-Reymond, and where the role of axons and synapses in the transmission of information and of neural networks were being elucidated.

Amaral is attempting to evaluate his hypothesis by analyzing the atypical neural organization in individuals with autism.

Botvinik ( 2008 ) found that all existing models of hierarchically structured behavior share at least one general assumption – that the hierarchical, part – whole organization of human action is mirrored in the internal or neural representations underlying it.

How activity across millions of hippocampal neurons supports these functions is a fundamental question in neuroscience, wherein the size, sparseness, and organization of the hippocampal neural code are debated.

By the study of neural networks such as the Perceptron, Rosenblatt hoped that " the fundamental laws of organization which are common to all information handling systems, machines and men included, may eventually be understood.

This showed that neural adaptation accounts for changes to functional properties of the spinal cord circuitry in humans without affecting organization of the motor cortex.

Comparison between the recovery of language function and other motor function using any drug has shown that improvement is due to a global increase plasticity of neural networks.

His experimental subjects include mental imagery, shape recognition, visual attention, children's language development, regular and irregular phenomena in language, the neural bases of words and grammar, and the psychology of innuendo and euphemism.

The keen observer may associate this with the development in the field of artificial intelligence made popular in the 1980s and 1990s such as expert systems, neural networks, machine learning, natural language processing, and vision.

* Evidence from cognitive neuroscience for the neural underpinnings of conceptual metaphors is discussed in Tim Rohrer's Understanding through the Body: fMRI and of ERP studies of metaphoric and literal language ".

Unlike neuromotor prostheses, neurocognitive prostheses would sense or modulate neural function in order to physically reconstitute or augment cognitive processes such as executive function, attention, language, and memory.

" neural processing pathways, and shared neural pathways for language, music, motor skills, and emotions suggest that it is unlikely that each of Gardner ’ s intelligences could operate " via a different set of neural mechanisms " ( 1999, p. 99 ).

Optimality theory is often called a connectionist theory of language, because it has its roots in neural network research, though the relationship is now largely of historical interest.

With the amount of computer power increasing since the 1980 ’ s, researchers have been able to simulate language acquisition using neural network models.

Whereas after puberty, the ability for learning a language without an accent has been rerouted to function in another area of the brain — most likely in the frontal lobe area promoting cognitive functions, or in the neural system of hormone allocated for reproduction and sexual organ growth.

Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.

Igor Aleksander, emeritus professor of Neural Systems Engineering at Imperial College, has extensively researched artificial neural networks and claims in his book Impossible Minds: My neurons, My Consciousness that the principles for creating a conscious machine already exist but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand language.

Despite these difficulties, fMRI has been used clinically to map functional areas, check left-right hemispherical asymmetry in language and memory regions, check the neural correlates of a seizure, study how the brain recovers partially from a stroke, test how well a drug or behavioral therapy works, detect the onset of Alzheimer's, and note the presence of disorders like depression.

Richard Webster writes that The Language Instinct argues cogently that the human capacity for language is part of the genetic endowment associated with the evolution through natural selection of specialised neural networks within the brain, and that its attack on the ' Standard Social Science Model ' of human nature is effective.

The first is that certain cognitive processes ( such as language ) could be damaged separately from others, and so might be handled by distinct and independent cognitive and neural processes.

Not only are songbird and human language parallel regarding neural and molecular factors, they also are similar in how their communication is initially produced.

The neural networks of the cerebrum facilitate complex behaviors such as social interactions, thought, judgement, learning, working memory, and in humans, speech and language.

He is notable for early work on automated planning in a blocks world, on semantic networks, on neural networks ( and, in particular, the cascade correlation algorithm ), on the Dylan programming language, and on Common Lisp ( in particular CMU Common Lisp ).

Fodor does not argue that the entire mind is modular ; rather he proposes that the central cognitive system responsible for complex cognitive activities ( such as analogical reasoning ) is not modular, but that input systems ( which interpret the neural signals from physical stimuli, and are responsible for basic cognitive activities such as language and vision ) are likely to be modular.

** Interaction and Knowledge ( Artificial Intelligence-driven: multi-agent system, machine learning, Natural language processing and interaction, neural networks )

These studies focus on the identification of brain regions associated with spatial memory and language, including the neural substrates of unilingual and bilingual speech processing.

Eyes and legs grow quickly, a tongue is formed, and all this is accompanied by associated changes in the neural networks ( development of stereoscopic vision, loss of the lateral line system, etc .).

The cerebellum is responsible for integrating significant amount of neural information that is used to coordinate smoothly ongoing movements and to participate in motor planning.

The smooth muscle of the great arteries and the population of cells that form the aorticopulmonary septum that separates the aorta and pulmonary artery is derived from cardiac neural crest.

This contribution of the neural crest to the great artery smooth muscle is unusual as most smooth muscle is derived from mesoderm.

A remarkable feature of these KO mice is that they have a very restricted phenotype: Casp3, 9, APAF-1 KO mice have deformations of neural tissue and FADD and Casp 8 KO showed defective heart development, however in both types of KO other organs developed normally and some cell types were still sensitive to apoptotic stimuli suggesting that unknown proapoptotic pathways exist.

This is a useful technique for researchers in neuroscience because it allows them to quickly increase the intracellular cAMP levels in particular neurons, and to study the effect of that increase in neural activity on the behavior of the organism.

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals — only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have one, even if diffuse neural tissue is present.

Learning how to ride a bicycle is an example of a type of neural plasticity that may take place largely within the cerebellum.

Neural engineering ( also known as Neuroengineering ) is a discipline that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.

More oxygenated blood in a particular region is assumed to correlate with an increase in neural activity in that part of the brain.

The first is focused on abstract mental functions of an intelligent mind and operates using symbols, and the second, which follows the neural and associative properties of the human brain, is called subsymbolic.

The primary focus is on understanding what it means biologically and psychologically for information to be present in consciousness — that is, on determining the neural and psychological correlates of consciousness.

Deikman suggested that consciousness is not a product of neural circuits, but rather complements and organizes these.

The scientific literature regarding the neural bases of arousal and purposeful movement is very extensive.

A major part of the scientific literature on consciousness consists of studies that examine the relationship between the experiences reported by subjects and the activity that simultaneously takes place in their brains — that is, studies of the neural correlates of consciousness.

There is substantial evidence that a " top-down " flow of neural activity ( i. e., activity propagating from the frontal cortex to sensory areas ) is more predictive of conscious awareness than a " bottom-up " flow of activity.