This contribution of the neural crest to the great artery smooth muscle is unusual as most smooth muscle is derived from mesoderm.

In fact the smooth muscle within the abdominal aorta is derived from mesoderm, and the coronary arteries, which arise just above the semilunar valves, possess smooth muscle of mesodermal origin.

The aorta consists of a heterogeneous mixture of smooth muscle, nerves, intimal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblast-like cells, and a complex extracellular matrix.

Within the tunica media, smooth muscle and the extracellular matrix are quantitatively the largest components of the aortic vascular wall.

The fundamental unit of the aorta is the elastic lamella, which consists of smooth muscle and elastic matrix.

The smooth muscle component does not dramatically alter the diameter of the aorta but rather serves to increase the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the aortic wall when activated.

* Vasoconstriction ( narrowing of blood vessels ) and vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy ( enlargement ) induced by AII may lead to increased blood pressure and hypertension.

They can constitute up to a third of the plasma membrane area of the cells of some tissues, being especially abundant in smooth muscle, type I pneumocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells.

The drug Brindley injected into his penis was a non-specific vasodilator, an alpha-blocking agent, and the mechanism of action was clearly corporal smooth muscle relaxation.

In addition, ion channels are key components in a wide variety of biological processes that involve rapid changes in cells, such as cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle contraction, epithelial transport of nutrients and ions, T-cell activation and pancreatic beta-cell insulin release.

Once the lymph enters the fully valved lymphatic vessels, it is pumped by a rhythmic peristaltic-like action by smooth muscle cells within the lymphatic vessel walls.

; Myometrium: The uterus mostly consists of smooth muscle, known as " myometrium.

The detrusor muscle is a layer of the urinary bladder wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundles.

Beneath this lining is a layer of smooth muscle, which may contract during sexual intercourse and when giving birth.

Inside this layer is the tunica media, or media, which is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue.

Arterioles, the smallest of the true arteries, help regulate blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries.

Capillaries have no smooth muscle surrounding them and have a diameter less than that of red blood cells ; a red blood cell is typically 7 micrometers outside diameter, capillaries typically 5 micrometers inside diameter.

His `` monumental '' abstraction, made up of smooth, metallic `` non-objects '' acting upon each other with great tension, won Helion much acclaim during the 'thirties.

Vellum is generally smooth and durable, although there are great variations depending on preparation, the quality of the skin and the type of animal used.

The transition of power to Xerxes was smooth due again in part to the great authority of Atossa and his accession of royal power was not challenged by any person at court or in the Achaemenian family, or any subject nation.

According to Proulx et al., Henry was a thickset man of great stature who was often revered for his smooth skin.

Critical reactions to the album were largely positive ; Stephen Thompson in the Wisconsin State Journal described it as possessing " great lyrics, creative instrumentation and production that's about as simple as production gets ", Thomas Conner praised it for being " soulful and smooth, witty and gritty, this record makes the ghosts of Bob Wills, Buddy Holly and Lou Reed smile " in the Tulsa World, and Matt Weitz in the Dallas Observer noted its " gimlet eye and sardonic humor ".

This bridge was worn smooth due to its age and the thousands of people who had walked over it, however the superstition was so great that corpses were no longer carried over it.

The disturbing potential T is numerically a great deal smaller than U or W, and captures the detailed, complex variations of the true gravity field of the actually existing Earth from point-to-point, as distinguished from the overall global trend captured by the smooth mathematical ellipsoid of the normal potential.

The great weakness of the tank's predecessor, the armoured car, was that it required smooth terrain to move upon, and new developments were needed for cross-country capability.

Stacey Nelkin told one interviewer, " The shoot as a whole was fun, smooth and a great group of people to work with.

It might be smooth silent and impeccable but a Bentley or Hispano-Suiza was a great deal faster and more appealing to the adventurous.

However, in the case of the Icelandic horse, where the pace is known as the skeið, " flying pace " or flugskeið, it is a smooth and highly valued gait, ridden in short bursts at great speed.

For example, the great arteries are viscolelastic vessels that act like a Windkessel, propagating ventricular contraction and smoothing out the pulsatile flow, and the smooth muscle within the tunica media contributes to this property.

This phenomenon is of great value especially for tonically active smooth muscle.

One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome ( or domes ) by means of squinches or pendentives.

In Lipan culture, since deer were protected by Mountain Spirits, great care was taken in Mountain Spirit rituals in order to ensure smooth deer hunting.

) Some of the layers show great variation, showing how an initial volcanic eruption would result in larger sediments rapidly settling to create course-grained tuff, followed by settling of much finer material to form much smoother dust-tuffs – smooth light-grey to creamy coloured rocks seen to the north of Old John.

Trueman was an " apt pupil " and Bowes said of him: " He had the three great assets for the job: a love of fast bowling, a powerful physique and a smooth cartwheel action ".

Where the great majority of inventory control systems simply smooth the operations and give adequate cost control, this well-known hospital system broke through with a new version of the use of an operational system for competitive advantage.

At least some species are known to travel great distances in order to spawn in shallow, intertidal waters ( from December to June in the smooth lumpsucker ); this may well be true of all species.

" Wave lift " of this kind is often very smooth and strong, and enables gliders to soar to remarkable altitudes and great distances.

Generally made of smooth leather, they have only two or three fasteners around the thigh, thus allowing great freedom of movement for the lower leg.

For horse shows, where fashions may change from year to year and durability is not as great a concern, lighter, synthetic materials such as ultrasuede and vinyl may be used, though leather suede or a smooth split predominates due to durability and proper fit.

Aortic pressure is highest at the aorta and becomes less pulsatile and lower pressure as blood vessels divide into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries such that flow is slow and smooth for gases and nutrient exchange.

To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, arteries are surrounded by varying thicknesses of smooth muscle which have extensive elastic and inelastic connective tissues.

The tunica media may ( especially in arteries ) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel.

In males, the cavernous nerves from the prostatic plexus stimulate smooth muscle in the fibrous trabeculae of the coiled helicene arteries to relax and allow blood to fill the corpora cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum of the penis, making it rigid to prepare for sexual activity.

It acts on the smooth muscle and, therefore, raises the resistance posed by these arteries to the heart.

Smooth muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels ( such smooth muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle ) such as in the tunica media layer of large ( aorta ) and small arteries, arterioles and veins.

Most smooth muscle is of the single-unit variety, that is, either the whole muscle contracts or the whole muscle relaxes, but there is multiunit smooth muscle in the trachea, the large elastic arteries, and the iris of the eye.

Single unit smooth muscle, however, is most common and lines blood vessels ( except large elastic arteries ), the urinary tract, and the digestive tract.

However, the smooth muscle within the Aorta and Pulmonary arteries ( the Great Arteries of the heart ) is derived from ectomesenchyme of neural crest origin, although coronary artery smooth muscle is of mesodermal origin.

Penile erection during sexual stimulation is caused by increased penile blood flow resulting from the relaxation of penile arteries and the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum.

The antibodies which the immune system generates against the M protein may cross react with cardiac myofiber protein myosin, heart muscle glycogen and smooth muscle cells of arteries, inducing cytokine release and tissue destruction.

Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles.

Vasodilation works to decrease TPR and blood pressure through relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media layer of large arteries and smaller arterioles.

* Diabetes mellitus-causes between two and four times increased risk of PVD by causing endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction in peripheral arteries.

Many pathways are involved in the abnormal proliferation and contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary arteries in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Elastic fibers ( or yellow fibers ) are bundles of proteins ( elastin ) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries.

pericytes and smooth muscle of branchial arteries and veins,