The concept of the strain energy as a Gibbs function difference Af and exerting a force normal to the shearing face is compatible with the information obtained from optical birefringence studies of fluids undergoing shear.

" Four normal distribution | Gaussian distributions in statisticsThis unproved statement put a strain on his relationship with János Bolyai ( who thought that Gauss was " stealing " his idea ), but it is now generally taken at face value.

These differ from the normal disfluencies found in all speakers in that stuttering disfluencies may last longer, occur more frequently, and are produced with more effort and strain.

In comparison to a normal strain of S. aureus, a strain modified to lack staphyloxanthin is less likely to survive incubation with an oxidizing chemical, such as hydrogen peroxide.

The normal strain in the-direction of the rectangular element is defined by

Similarly, the normal strain in the-direction, and-direction, becomes

where, is the unit vector in the direction of, and the left-hand-side expression is the normal strain in the direction of.

Therefore, the diagonal elements of the infinitesimal strain tensor are the normal strains in the coordinate directions.

The normal strain on an octahedral plane is given by

There are four important failure theories: maximum shear stress theory, maximum normal stress theory, maximum strain energy theory, and maximum distortion energy theory.

Three years later he wrote The Art of Seeing, in which he related: " Within a couple of months I was reading without spectacles and, what was better still, without strain and fatigue ... At the present time, my vision, though very far from normal, is about twice as good as it used to be when I wore spectacles ".

One such cell strain, developed by Hayflick and his colleague Paul Moorehead at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, called WI-38, was the most widely used and highly characterized normal human cell population in the world.

Later, during the Emperor Joker storyline, this is expanded upon: the Joker, possessing the same powers, is able to unweave the very fabric and laws of the cosmos, and render the less powerful than normal Hal Jordan Spectre into a deranged puppet, Mxyzptlk explaining that he has the power to do what the Joker is doing to the world but never uses it because he would run the risk of destroying reality from the strain he would be subjecting it to and thus leave himself with nothing to do the next day.

When using strain gauges of the normal wire type in the dynamic testing of helicopter components, notably rotor blades, Saunders-Roe found that such a high proportion of the gauges were failing that development was considerably retarded.

Briefly, she developed a strain of human beings that conceive clones in winter, and normal children in summer.

The manner in which the strain of the war was borne shows how great are the forces of production which, in normal times, go to waste ; proves that what we suffer from now is not overproduction, but underproduction.

The blood volume of the recipient twin is increased, which can strain the fetus's heart and eventually lead to heart failure, and also higher than normal urinary output, which can lead to excess amniotic fluid ( becoming polyhydramnios ).

After observing that a particular rII mutant, a mutation that caused the bacteriophage to eliminate bacteria more rapidly than usual, was not exhibiting the expected phenotype, it occurred to Benzer that this strain might have come from a cross between two different rII mutants ( each having part of the rII gene intact ) wherein a recombination event resulted in a normal rII sequence.

* Carbon fiber implants have been proven to be ineffective: these fibers are extremely strong, but inflexible, causing increased strain on adjacent normal tissue.

In 2006 a research group has managed to create a strain that produces Erythropoietin in its normal glycosylation form.

It is debatable whether this layout reduces repetitive strain injury, but the general consensus is that while it might prolong it slightly, the QWERTY keyboard might simply aggravate pains without causing the disease, and studies have shown that typists are not any more likely to develop RSI than normal people.

Thirdly, the strain rates and strain levels must be high enough to stretch the polymeric chains beyond their normal radius of gyration, requiring instrumentation with a large range of deformation rates and a large travel distance.

They were put on control diets to determine as accurately as possible, the normal cholesterol level of their blood.

In man the normal level of iodine in the diet and the level necessary to prevent development of goitre is about 100 **ymg per day.

Second, what is its concentration in normal circumstances and in what circumstances will this concentration depart from the normal level and in which direction??

Some investigators have found a parallelism between remissions and return of the sympathetic reactivity of the hypothalamus to the normal level as indicated by the Mecholyl test and, conversely, between clinical impairment and increasing deviation of this test from the norm.

Furthermore, in mathematics, the letter alpha is used to denote the area underneath a normal curve in statistics to denote significance level when proving null and alternative hypotheses.

The attributes run from-25 ( normal human level ), through-10 ( normal level for a denizen of the Courts of Chaos ) and 0 ( normal level for an inhabitant of Amber ), upwards without limit.

Of the 22 standard amino acids, 9 are called essential amino acids because the human body cannot synthesize them from other compounds at the level needed for normal growth, so they must be obtained from food.

This degenerate RPE causes foveal hypoplasia ( a failure in the development of normal foveae ), which results in eccentric fixation and lower visual acuity, and often a minor level of strabismus.

If the software works as intended and without issues during normal use, one can reasonably extrapolate the same level of stability in production.

The normal boiling point ( also called the atmospheric boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point ) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1 atmosphere.

Studies in the brine shrimp have examined how water affects cell functions ; these saw that a 20 % reduction in the amount of water in a cell inhibits metabolism, with metabolism decreasing progressively as the cell dries out and all metabolic activity halting when the water level reaches 70 % below normal.

As there frequently is initially acidosis, the potassium level may be normal, even though large losses have occurred.

A normal liver detoxifies the blood of alcohol over a period of time that depends on the initial level and the patient's overall physical condition.

Both orthometric and normal heights are heights in metres above sea level, whereas geopotential numbers are measures of potential energy ( unit: m² s < sup >− 2 </ sup >) and not metric.

Orthometric and normal heights differ in the precise way in which mean sea level is conceptually continued under the continental masses.

He developed the hypothesis that this habitual pattern of pulling the head backwards and downwards needlessly disrupted the normal working of the total postural, breathing and vocal mechanisms.

Breathy voice ( also called murmured voice, soughing, or susurration ) is a phonation in which the vocal cords vibrate, as they do in normal ( modal ) voicing, but are held further apart, so that a larger volume of air escapes between them.

The minimum pressure drop required to achieve phonation is called the phonation threshold pressure, and for humans with normal vocal folds, it is approximately 2 – 3 cm H < sub > 2 </ sub > O.

They have a minimal role in normal phonation, but are often used to produce deep sonorous tones in Tibetan chant and Tuvan throat singing, as well as in musical screaming and the death growl vocal style.

In normal vocal fold, the jelly-like “ Reinke ’ s space ” is very loose and abundant with interstitial proteins such as hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, proteoglycan like fibromodulin, decorin and versican.

The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singer's Formant, which has been shown to be a resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer's voice to carry better over musical accompaniment.

Notably, the only muscle capable of separating the vocal cords for normal breathing is the posterior cricoarytenoid.

The contralto voice is a matter of vocal timbre and tessitura as well as range, and a classically-trained solo contralto would usually have a range greater than that of a normal choral alto part in both the upper and lower ranges.

Although he had originally voiced Cartman without any computer manipulation, Parker now does so by speaking within his normal vocal range with a childlike inflection.

Lennon's final vocal was recorded with the tape running fast so that when played back at normal speed the tonality would be altered, giving his voice a slurred sound.

The term falsetto is most often used in the context of singing to refer to a type of vocal phonation that enables the singer to sing notes beyond the vocal range of the normal or modal voice.

Production of the normal voice involves vibration of the entire vocal cord, with the glottis opening first at the bottom and then at the top.

While he originally voiced Kyle without computer manipulation, Stone now does so by speaking within his normal vocal range and then adding a childlike inflection.

While originally voicing Stan without any computer manipulation, Parker now speaks within his normal vocal range while adding a child-like inflection.

Some countertenors can sing up into the female vocal tessituras using the modal register ( normal singing production ) and need not employ any falsetto.

The Billy Eckstine Orchestra was the first bop big-band, and its leader reflected bop innovations by stretching his vocal harmonics into his normal ballads.

When voicing Butters, Stone speaks within his normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection, a slight stutter and a Southern accent.

For Afro-Barbadians, drum, vocal and dance music was an integral part of everyday life, and songs and performance practices were created for normal, everyday events, as well as special celebrations like Whitsuntide, Christmas, Easter, Landship and Crop Over.

Typically, only the usable range of the modal register, the register used in normal speech and most singing, is used when determining vocal range.

Cummings has made some vocal performances using his voice at normal pitch for some younger looking characters like Witterquick from Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light and Glatorian Ackar in Bionicle: The Legend Reborn.

This allowed the delayed vocal to be combined with the normal vocal, creating the double tracked effect.

In the early stages of his work on the Cantometrics coding system, Lomax wrote of the relationship of musical style to culture :" Its fundamental diagnostic traits appear to be vocal quality ( color, timbre, normal pitch, attack, type of melodic ornamentation, etc.