A typical legal rationale for protecting the consumer is based on the notion of policing market failures and inefficiencies, such as inequalities of bargaining power between a consumer and a business.

they rejected the notion that " imperialism " required formal, legal control by one government over another country.

Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a ' basic norm ( Grundnorm )'— a hypothetical norm, presupposed by the jurist, from which in a hierarchy all ' lower ' norms in a legal system, beginning with constitutional law, are understood to derive their authority or ' bindingness '.

Notably, the pact served as the legal basis for the creation of the notion of crime against peace – it was for committing this crime that the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of people responsible for starting World War II.

" One of the key legal principles on which Marbury relies is the notion that for every violation of a vested legal right, there must be a legal remedy.

Hobbes's philosophy includes a frontal assault on the founding principles of the earlier natural legal tradition, disregarding the traditional association of virtue with happiness, and likewise re-defining " law " to remove any notion of the promotion of the common good.

On the continent, Hans Kelsen was the most influential, where his notion of a Grundnorm or a " presupposed " ultimate and basic legal norm, still retains some influence.

The Western Allies also expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, ( 1 ) upset at the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort, ( 2 ) worried about a possible Russo-German alliance, and perhaps most importantly ( 3 ) galvanised by the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good their threats to assume no responsibility for, and so default on, Imperial Russia's massive foreign loans ; the legal notion of odious debt had not yet been formulated.

In the field of legal academia, Peter Swire has written about the trade-off between the notion that " security through obscurity is an illusion " and the military notion that " loose lips sink ships " as well as how competition affects the incentives to disclose.

The Confucian notion that morality and self-discipline was more important than legal codes caused many historians, such as Max Weber, until the mid-20th century to conclude that law was not an important part of Imperial Chinese society.

Post-divorce or permanent alimony was also based on the notion that the marriage continued, as ecclesiastical courts could only award a divorce a mensa et thora, similar to a legal separation today.

Langdell's notion that law could be studied as a " science " gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation.

According to Foucault, the very notion of the criminal had became political within the confines of Political economy, the western legal system had been transformed from one of cruelty to one of repeating one's crimes over and over again, therefore producing the ' rational ' professional criminal ; criminals were punished differently ( and less dramatically, rather ironically ).

The aberrations of pyromania and kleptomania still are recognized as impulse control disorders or conduct disorders, and the notion of irresistible impulse still plays a legal role in the insanity defense.

Contract theory also utilizes the notion of a complete contract, which is thought of as a contract that specifies the legal consequences of every possible state of the world.

The idea of a complete contract is closely related to the notion of default rules, e. g. legal rules that will fill the gap in a contract in the absence of an agreed upon provision.

The notion of " freedom of contract " was given one of its most famous legal expressions in 1875 by Sir George Jessel MR:

. was from Washington that I gained some adequate notion of how deep-rooted in human history and human nature social institutions were, and how difficult, if not impossible it was, to make fundamental changes in them by mere legislation or by legal artifice of any sort.

He did a famous speech, " Discours préliminaire au projet de code civil " in which he presents the core principles of the civil code: legal certainty ( non-retroactivity ), the notion of " ordre public " and the forbidding of the " arrêt de règlement " which was a characteristic production of the Ancien Régime's judges and was contrary to the idea that only the law prevails.

At the core of this doctrine was the notion that the crown itself had personhood and as a legal entity is identical to the state of Hungary.

He said he was a friend of Heywood Broun who had run a free employment bureau for several months during the depression, but the generous Broun to whom I wrote did not know his name and I somehow conceived the morbid notion that the man in question was prowling round the house.

Or it might have been the absent nephews she addressed, consciously playing with the notion that this was one of the summers of their early years.

When he heard of his brothers' anger, Palfrey was still hopeful that they could be persuaded to accept his notion of paying wages.

God knows what the African nations, who hold 25 per cent of the voting stock in the U.N. were thinking -- they may, for example, have been thinking of the U.S. abstention when the vote on Algerian freedom was before the Assembly -- but I think I have a fairly accurate notion of what the Negroes in the gallery were thinking.

The American Thomas Jefferson was a representative agrarian who built Jeffersonian Democracy around the notion that farmers are “ the most valuable citizens ” and the truest republicans.

Although he was not an innovator, he would not follow the absolute letter of the law ; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into Roman law many important new principles based upon this notion.

While at the time the process was openly referred to as colonization (" takushoku " 拓殖 ), the notion was later reframed by Japanese elites to the currently common usage " kaitaku "( 開拓 ), which instead conveys a sense of opening up or reclamation of the Ainu lands.

Even when this elder brother first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to the Princess Maria Feodorovna ( Dagmar of Denmark ).

André Malraux explains that the notion of beauty was connected to a particular conception of art that arose with the Renaissance and was still dominant in the eighteenth century ( but was supplanted later ).

However, he wrongly posed the notion that the water was evaporating.

During the early settlement of Australia by Europeans, the notion that the bunyip was an actual unknown animal that awaited discovery became common.

Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president noting " we can still define blackness by the following symptoms: alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits ... the tendency to sexual predation and shameless perjury about the same ".

Skeat “… in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices " and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then “… must have spread rapidly to the Near East …” In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat ’ s notion when stating “… its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory ” and that “ early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt .” Early codices of parchment or papyrus appear to have been widely used as personal notebooks, for instance in recording copies of letters sent ( Cicero Fam.

However, a different notion of compactness altogether had also slowly emerged at the end of the 19th century from the study of the continuum, which was seen as fundamental for the rigorous formulation of analysis.

It was this notion of compactness that became the dominant one, because it was not only a stronger property, but it could be formulated in a more general setting with a minimum of additional technical machinery, as it relied only on the structure of the open sets in a space.

The notion of cardinality, as now understood, was formulated by Georg Cantor, the originator of set theory, in 1874 – 1884.

The notion of a second commercial broadcaster in the United Kingdom had been around since the inception of ITV in 1954 and its subsequent launch in 1955 ; the idea of an ' ITV2 ' was long expected and pushed for.

Aristotle's famous argument was contrary to the atomist's depiction of a non-eternal cosmos which, he argued, would require an efficient first cause, a notion that Aristotle took to demonstrate a critical flaw in their reasoning.

The term exon derives from the expressed region and was coined by American biochemist Walter Gilbert in 1978: " The notion of the cistron … must be replaced by that of a transcription unit containing regions which will be lost from the mature messengerwhich I suggest we call introns ( for intragenic regions ) alternating with regions which will be expressedexons.

To define more exactly the Buddhist notion of the highest being, it may be convenient to borrow the term very happily coined by a modern German scholar, " panentheism ," according to which God is πᾶν καὶ ἕν ( all and one ) and more than the totality of existence.

It was believed, for example, that maggots could spontaneously appear in decaying meat ; Francesco Redi carried out experiments which disproved this notion and coined the maxim Omne vivum ex ovo (" every living thing comes from a living thing " — literally " from an egg "), Virchow ( and his predecessors ) extended this to state that the only source for a living cell was another living cell.

Carl Jung coined the notion of the Collective unconscious.

Mackinder's doctrine of geopolitics involved concepts diametrically opposed to the notion of Alfred Thayer Mahan about the significance of navies ( he coined the term sea power ) in world conflict.

Joseph M. Bessette coined the term " deliberative democracy " in his 1980 work " Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government ", and went on to elaborate and defend the notion in " The Mild Voice of Reason " ( 1994 ).

Senghor, along with other intellectuals of the African diaspora who had come to study in the colonial capital, coined the term and conceived the notion of " négritude ", which was a response to the racism still prevalent in France.

The panglossian paradigm is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin to refer to the notion that everything has specifically adapted to suit specific purposes.

The primary advocate of the idea that the markings represent writing, and the person who coined the name " Old European Script ", was Marija Gimbutas ( 1921 – 1994 ), an important 20th century archaeologist and advocate of the notion that the Kurgan culture of Central Asia was an early culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans.

The term was coined by Edward T. Cone in Musical Form and Musical Performance ( New York: Norton, 1968 ), and is similar to the less formal notion of a phrase.

The notion of the Potemkin village ( coined in German by critical biographer Georg von Helbig as ) arose from Catherine's visit to the south.

( 1979: 34 ) Central to the notion of speech acts are the ideas of " illocutionary force " and perlocutionary force, both terms coined by philosopher J. L.

It was largely derived from the notion of what it is intended to supply to the drinker: all of the nutrients and electrolytes lost when sweating. The first part of the name, Pocari, does not have any meaning ; the word was coined for its light, bright sound.

Spomenka Hribar heavily criticized Janša's tendency to think in terms of conspiracy and Rizman criticized him for relying on the notion of " Udbo-Mafija ", a term coined by the architect Edo Ravnikar to denote the illegitimate structural connections between the Post-Communist elites.

Ortiz coined the term transculturation, the notion of converging cultures.

The term was originally coined by Mikhail Bakunin in 1872 as a criticism of the notion that organized workers are the most radical.

Atomism or social atomism is a sociological theory arising from the scientific notion atomic theory, coined by the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus and the Roman philosopher Lucretius.

* Karl Ereky ( Károly Ereky, born Károly Wittmann ), coined the notion: biotechnology 1917

Lewin coined the notion of genidentity, which has gained some importance in various theories of space-time and related fields.

Related to this research space is the notion of the collaboratory, originally coined by William Wulf.

The term motorcade was coined by Lyle Abbot ( in 1912 or 1913 when he was automobile editor of the Arizona Republican ), and is formed after cavalcade on the false notion that "- cade " was a suffix meaning " procession ".

The “ Dodo Bird Verdict ” terminology was coined by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936 to illustrate the notion that all therapies are equally effective.

Its definition relies on the notion of a measured foliation invented by William Thurston, who also coined the term " pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphism " when he proved his classification of diffeomorphisms of a surface.