Finally, the modern relevance of Confucianism revolved around this notion that Confucian values were better than Western ones.

The notion of the Mandate of Heaven was later invoked by Mencius, a very influential Chinese philosopher, considered by most to be the second greatest Confucian philosopher next to Confucius.

The notion of the " Great Unity " had been recorded in the Liyun ( 禮運 ) chapter of the Liji, one of the canon Confucian classics.

" According to Barr, Ong justified his commitment " in Confucian terms " in a " notion akin to noblesse oblige ".

The district is named after the Confucian notion of utopia.

Through the process of transition from a traditional Confucian notion of civilization to a Western notion of acceptance and resistance, Koreans shaped their civilization as well as their notions of the racial, cultural, and individual modern self.

Chiang Kai-shek used the Confucian and Methodist notion of self-cultivation and correct living for this movement.

For example, he believed that the Confucian notion of reverence was the same as the Shinto idea of prayer ( kitō ).

Due to his belief in this unity, Ansai challenged the traditional Confucian notion of the Mandate of Heaven, where a ruler was held accountable for the welfare of his subjects, and could lose his legitimacy if he did not act in proper accord.

One of the remnants of this diffused philosophy, which is still practiced by all Indonesians to date, is the Confucian notion of hsiao ( Pinyin: ' Xiao ', 孝 ; Indonesian: menghormati orangtua ).

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

Translations of Confucian texts influenced European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.

Mencius ( 4th century BC ) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi ( 3rd century BC ) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training.

" The Hwarang studied taekkyeon, history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, social skills and military tactics.

Unlike many other major civilizations where written law was held in honor and often attributed to divine origin, law in early China was viewed in purely secular terms and its initial appearance was greeted with hostility by Confucian thinkers as indicative of a serious moral decline, a violation of human morality, and even a disturbance of the total cosmic order.

The Confucian tradition, which would attain predominance, looked not to the force of law, but to the power and example of tradition for political morality.

Whereas the Taoist philosophical paradigm had promoted scientific and mathematical investigation as a kind of mystical exploration of the workings of the universe, the Confucian paradigm focused far more on social philosophy and morality, which prompted a general lack of further research in mathematics and natural sciences.

In many ways the opposite of rigid Confucian morality, Taoism was for many of its adherents a complement to their ordered daily lives.

The Confucian tradition, which would attain dominance, looked for political morality not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition.

For those who argue for the authenticity of the manuscripts, the importance of Hwarang segi is that is one of the scarce historical works about Silla by a person of Silla himself, and it is free from Confucian dogma and morality.

With the short and simple text arranged in three-character verses, children learned many common characters, grammar structures, elements of Chinese history and the basis of Confucian morality, especially filial piety and respect for elders ( the Five Relationships in Chinese society ).

The Tale of Kieu was written under a pen-name as the story was quite critical of the basic tenets of Confucian morality.

Sansho the Bailiff ( 1954 ) takes a premise from feudal Japan ( and the short story by Mori Ōgai ) and reworks it as a Confucian morality tale.

He agreed with his teacher's theory of " virtueless by birth ", but instead of proposing an ideological scheme of steering man by Confucian education to achieve morality, so as to minimize competition and war, he pragmatically proposed to steer people by their own interest-driven nature, to actively engage in competition and war if necessary to improve society and develop the state.

To promote Confucian morality, the court each year honored many men and women who were known for their filial piety and chastity.

Temples and churches were vandalized by the Red Guards ; Confucian morality was frowned upon ; and a cult of personality surrounding Chairman Mao Zedong was promoted.

In contrast to the Legalists, the Confucian view of law was always centred on morality.

With the short and simple text arranged in three-character verses, children learned many common characters, grammar structures, elements of Chinese history and the basis of Confucian morality.

Traditional Confucian and Shinto precepts were again stressed, especially those concerning the hierarchical nature of human relations, service to the new state, the pursuit of learning, and morality.

Yoshino went on to found his own political party with a mix of Christian socialism, Confucian public morality, and syndicalism.

Yang clashed with Hong over the rebellion's policies and views toward Confucianism and iconoclasm ; Yang believed that Confucian morality was essentially positive and that its basic tenets were compatible with the rebellion's interpretation of Christianity and that images of dragons were not sacrilegious.

In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language ( from this comes the denomination Old Text ) that were so much more reliable.

It is particularly relevant for the social class to which most of Confucius ' students belonged, because the only way for an ambitious young scholar to make his way in the Confucian Chinese world was to enter a ruler's civil service.

The French philosopher Voltaire was also influenced by Confucius, seeing the concept of Confucian rationalism as an alternative to Christian dogma.

During the Han dynasty period, the important Confucian text Lessons for Women ( Nüjie ), was written by Ban Zhao ( 45-114 CE ): by a woman, for women.

We should not underestimate the significance of this point, as education was the bottom line qualification for being a junzi or " noble person ,"... her example suggests that the Confucian prescription for a meaningful life as a woman was apparently not stifling for all women.

The philosophy was highly progressive, and extremely critical of the Confucian and Mohist schools.

Mozi was strongly against Confucian ritual, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft.

In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language ( from this comes the denomination Old Text ) that were so much more reliable.

The power of the Buddhist clergy was so great and the wealth of the monasteries so impressive, that it instigated criticism from Confucian scholars, who considered Buddhism as a foreign religion.

Neo-Confucianism was a revived version of old Confucian principles that appeared around the Song Dynasty, with Buddhist, Taoist, and Legalist features.

In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ was doing the proper thing at the proper time, balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good.

This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state.

In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant.

In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China.

" The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.

Chiang's father died when he was only eight years of age, and he wrote of his mother as the " embodiment of Confucian virtues ".

Efforts were made towards improving education standards ; and, in an effort to unify Chinese society, the New Life Movement was launched to encourage Confucian moral values and personal discipline.

His laws tended to target wealthy and educated Christians, and his aim was not to destroy Christianity but to drive the religion out of " the governing classes of the empire — much as Buddhism was driven back into the lower classes by a revived Confucian mandarinate in 13th century China.

Confucian philosophy held that respect was important for a society, making bowing an important ritual.

Possibly this prompted Musashi to leave, embarking on a new series of travels, winding up in Edo in 1623, where he became friends with the Confucian scholar Hayashi Razan, who was one of the Shogun's advisors.

Actively working for wealth was unbecoming a proper Confucian.