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The notion that animals, including human beings, can be taught to react to selected stimuli in a desired way -- by ' brainwashing ' them -- is one that naturally appeals to tyrants and perhaps it was this, along with the favourable light his success was casting on Soviet Russia among western intellectuals, which accounted for the astonishing tolerance with which Pavlov was treated by the Soviet regime.
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notion and animals
In particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as " lower animals " proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality.
Grazing animals with slow movements that will back off at the first notion of pain ( e. g., sheep and cows ) will not generally suffer the severe injuries often seen in other animals.
Accordingly, in the 17th century, René Descartes explicitly rejected the traditional notion of humans as " rational animals ," suggesting instead that they are nothing more than " thinking things " along the lines of other " things " in nature.
This notion of expanding the circle can also be seen in societies where hunters give animals to priests, who sacrifice a portion to a deity ( who, in turn, is expected to provide an abundant hunt ).
The notion of barefoot hordes pushing heavily-loaded bicycles, driving oxcarts, or acting as human pack animals, moving hundreds of tons of supplies in this manner was quickly supplanted by trucks ( especially Soviet, Chinese, or Eastern Bloc models ), which quickly became the main method of supply transportation.
* Animalism ( philosophy ), the notion that humans are animals
These ambitious plans had an emphasis on the notion of ' TopSpots '; places where the greatest diversity of animals are found such as islands and highlands.
This passage indicates also that, though broad, the notion of philia must be mutual, and thus excludes relationships with inanimate objects, though philia with animals, such as pets, is allowed for ( see 1155b27 – 31 ).
Long before Abraham Trembley ( 1700 – 1784 ) published his Histoire des polypes d ' eau douce, Jussieu maintained the doctrine that these organisms were in fact animals, and not the flowers of marine plants, which was the notion at the time ; to confirm his views, he made three journeys to the coast of Normandy.
They dispute the notion that humans have a natural right to exploit animals.
Wallace argued against sexual selection, saying that the male-against-male fighting aspects were simply forms of natural selection, and that the notion of " female choice " was attributing the ability to judge standards of beauty to animals far too cognitively undeveloped to be capable of aesthetic feeling ( such as beetles ).
He also concluded that there should be a more rigorous selection process when accepting dogs for police work, the first step towards the notion that the police service should breed their own animals in an attempt to produce the ideal police dog.
In his article on Erotica in 17th century genre pieces, de Jongh argues that dead hunted birds and animals most likely all refer back to the notion of eroticism and availability of the woman depicted because birding and hunting were synonyms for sexual encounters.
The Law of Effect is a notion that not only humans, but all animals will continue to attempt to find a solution to a problem, and once found will continuously use the same solution in order to solve the same problem.
In " Welt und Umwelt " and " Die Wahrheit der Dinge " the philosopher and sociologist Josef Pieper argued that reason allows the human person to live in " welt " ( world ) while plants and animals do indeed live in an Umwelt — a notion which he traces back far beyond Uexküll to Plato, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas.
The verb to farm is the generally used to mean the act of cultivating land or breeding animals for agricultural purposes, and has other uses which apply the notion of cultivation to non-agricultural areas, as described below.
His studies led to his theory of insular dwarfism, the notion that " limited resources " on small islands can lead to a down-sizing of the indigenous vertebrate animals.
Sanctuaries act on behalf of the animals, and the caregivers work under the notion that all animals in the sanctuary, human and non-human, are of equal importance.
notion and including
Much encyclopaedism of the French Renaissance was based upon the notion of not including every fact known to humans, but only that knowledge that was necessary, where necessity was judged by a wide variety of criteria, leading to works of greatly varying sizes.
Fundamental to the concept of public service ethics is the notion that decisions and actions are based on what best serves the public's interests, as opposed to the official's personal interests ( including financial interests ) or self-serving political interests.
Premised on Charter protections and on the notion of the immutability of homosexuality, judicial rulings rapidly advanced rights, including those that compelled the Canadian government to legalize same-sex marriage.
Nazi racial policies, including the notion that people who were racially inferior had no right to live, date back to the earliest days of the party ; Hitler discusses this in Mein Kampf.
He proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions — including the notion of State, property as a right, natural rights in general, and the very notion of society — were mere spooks in the mind.
By the 1930s, many revisions of the rules developed that were substantially different from Babcock's classical version ( including some that were considered fundamentals in other variants, such as the notion of a standard hand ).
Several researchers, including Nobel Prize winner Dr. Richard Smalley ( 1943 – 2005 ), attacked the notion of universal assemblers, leading to a rebuttal from Drexler and colleagues, and eventually to an exchange of letters.
For example, the Racket language extends the notion of a macro system to a syntactic tower, where macros can be written in languages including macros, using hygiene to ensure that syntactic layers are distinct and allowing modules to export macros to other modules.
Various economists and political theorists, including Richard D. Wolff and Stephen Resnick, have criticised the notion that the Soviet-style planned economies represented a type of socialist economy.
This theory has a wide range of consequences which have been experimentally verified, including counter-intuitive ones such as length contraction, time dilation and relativity of simultaneity, contradicting the classical notion that the duration of the time interval between two events is equal for all observers.
More generally, square roots can be considered in any context in which a notion of " squaring " of some mathematical objects is defined ( including algebras of matrices, endomorphism rings, etc.
This view has been criticised for including in its notion of tradition practices which are no longer considered to be desirable, for example, stereotypical views of the place of women in domestic affairs.
The notion of self-organizing systems is tied up to work in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, including that pioneered by chemist and Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine in his study of dissipative structures.
* " Infinity " at The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, treating the history of the notion of infinity, including the problem of actual infinity.
This notion carried over into all facets of reality, including species of living creatures.
The Jacobson radical of a ring has numerous internal characterizations, including a few definitions which successfully extend the notion to rings without unity.
He writes that the flow of power is becoming more internalized, that there has been " a shift in power from the hegemonic mode of ' power over ' to an intensive notion of power from within ( including domination from within ) and power as a generative force.
Reform Judaism espouses the notion of religious pluralism ; it believes that most Jewish denominations ( including Orthodox groups and the Conservative movement ) are valid expressions of Judaism.
* Perennial philosophy, the notion of the universal recurrence of philosophical insight independent of epoch or culture, including universal truths.
Some commentators have discussed the ethics of the commandment to exterminate all the Amalekites, including the command to kill all the women, children, teenagers, little girls, little boys and the notion of collective punishment.
Conspiracy theorists ( henceforth conspiracists ) base their claims on the notion NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened by manufacturing, destroying, or tampering with evidence ; including photos, telemetry tapes, transmissions, rock samples, and even some key witnesses.
According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the argument also " conflicts with important theistic doctrines ", including the notion of heaven and the idea that God has free will.
The notion of identity gives rise to many philosophical problems, including the identity of indiscernibles ( if x and y share all their properties, are they one and the same thing?
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