For example, animals undergo an " open " mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( yeast ) undergo a " closed " mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.

It is therefore possible for energy to be released if a heavy nucleus breaks apart into two lighter ones.

Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events, in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus.

In short, antiprotons would react inside the nucleus of uranium, causing a release of energy that breaks the nucleus apart as in conventional nuclear reactions.

Both I-123 and I-125 emit copious low energy Auger electrons after their decay, but these do not cause serious damage ( double-stranded DNA breaks ) in cells, unless the nuclide is incorporated into a medication that accumulates in the nucleus, or into DNA ( this is never the case is clinical medicine, but it has been seen in experimental animal models ).

In 1909 Ernest Rutherford discovered that the positive half of atoms was tightly condensed into a nucleus,

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle ( two protons and two neutrons ) and thereby transforms ( or ' decays ') into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less.

Later studies linked this phenomenon to the release of AIF ( apoptosis inducing factor ) from the mitochondria and its translocation into the nucleus mediated by its NLS ( nuclear localization signal ).

After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus.

Some proteins that are made in the cytoplasm contain structural features that target them for transport into mitochondria or the nucleus.

This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus.

The structure of chromatin during interphase is optimized to allow easy access of transcription and DNA repair factors to the DNA while compacting the DNA into the nucleus.

In cells with a nucleus ( eukaryotes ), the cell cycle can be divided in two periods: interphase — during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA — and the mitosis ( M ) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called " daughter cells " and the final phase, cytokinesis, where the new cell is completely divided.

She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilised oocyte ( developing egg cell ) that has had its nucleus removed.

The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting back to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.

This network is organized into lining similar to mesh called the nuclear lamina, which binds to chromatin, integral membrane proteins, and other nuclear components along the inner surface of the nucleus.

Entry of material into the nucleus through endocytosis.

* In physics, nuclear fission is a process where a large atomic nucleus ( such as uranium ) is split into two smaller particles.

To do this artificially may require attaching the genes to a virus or just physically inserting the extra DNA into the nucleus of the intended host with a very small syringe, or with very small particles fired from a gene gun.

* The book fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint ;

The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences, effectively amplifying or suppressing the action of certain genes, and affecting protein synthesis.

mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol, where they are translated by ribosomes.

The first stage of prophase I is the leptotene stage, also known as leptonema, from Greek words meaning " thin threads ". In this stage of prophase I, individual chromosomes — each consisting of two sister chromatids — change from the diffuse state they exist in during the cell's period of growth and gene expression, and condense into visible strands within the nucleus.

The 13 mitochondrial peptides in humans are integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane, along with proteins encoded by genes that reside in the host cell's nucleus.

Not all proteins necessary for mitochondrial function are encoded by the mitochondrial genome ; most are coded by genes in the cell nucleus and the corresponding proteins are imported into the mitochondrion.

Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei.

The stability of a nucleus is highest when it falls into a certain range or balance of composition of neutrons and protons ; too few or too many neutrons may cause it to decay.

Between 1877 and 1878, Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs, showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus.

The next season, the club made several roster changes, while retaining its nucleus of young players.

Finally, the temperature gets high enough that any nucleus can be partially broken down, most commonly releasing an alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) which immediately fuses with another nucleus, so that several nuclei are effectively rearranged into a smaller number of heavier nuclei, with net release of energy because the addition of fragments to nuclei exceeds the energy required to break them off the parent nuclei.

This has made it possible to measure, say, the distance to the Moon with sub-centimeter accuracy ( see Lunar laser ranging experiment ), to measure slight movement of tectonic plates using GPS with sub-millimeter accuracy, or even to measure as slight variations in the distance between two mirrors separated by several kilometers as 10 < sup >− 18 </ sup > m — three orders of magnitude less than the size of a single atomic nucleus — see LIGO.

One of them proposes the micellar nucleus is formed by several submicelles, the periphery consisting of microvellosities of κ-casein ( Walstra, 1979 ; Lucey, 2002 ).

Sensory information arriving at the lateral aspect of the amygdala is processed and conveyed to the central nucleus, which projects to several parts of the brain involved in responses to fear.

From the nucleus solitarius, connections are made with several areas in the reticular formation and hypothalamus to mediate cardiovascular and respiratory reflex responses to changes in blood pressure, and serum concentrations of CO2 and O2.

There is some evidence that given two widely separated synapses, an LTP-inducing stimulus at one synapse drives several signaling cascades ( described previously ) that initiates gene expression in the cell nucleus.

Replication of many rhabdoviruses occurs in the cytoplasm, although several of the plant infecting viruses replicate in the nucleus.

While neurologists have discovered that addiction encompasses several areas of the brain, the amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, and the nucleus accumbens are specifically responsible for the pleasurable feelings one may experience when using a mind or mood-altering substance.

While a good number of emigrants were from Quebec or Ontario, it is often Franco-Americans who formed the nucleus of the population in several francophone communities of Western Canada.

Mature neutrophils are smaller than monocytes and have a segmented nucleus with several sections ; each section is connected by chromatin filaments — neutrophils can have 2 – 5 segments.

Low-luminosity, intermittent Seyfert galaxies may meet the requirements with the formation of a linear accelerator several light years away from the nucleus, yet within their extended ion tori whose UV radiation ensures a supply of ionic contaminants.

The original American Brahman cattle originated from a nucleus of approximately 266 bulls and 22 females of several Bos indicus ( cattle of India ) types imported into the United States between 1854 and 1926.

The CDCs Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumolysin, Clostridium perfringens perfringolysin O, and Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin O cause specific modifications of histones in the host cell nucleus, resulting in down-regulation of several genes that encode proteins involved in the inflammatory response.

As a result, the nucleus of the megakaryocyte can become very large and lobulated, which, under a light microscope, can give the false impression that there are several nuclei.

Mature neutrophils are smaller than monocytes, and have a segmented nucleus with several sections ( two to five segments ); each section is connected by chromatin filaments.

The location of Emona overlaps with the SW part of the old nucleus of the modern city of Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, where numerous remains of Emona can still be seen today, several mosaics, parts of the paleochristian baptistry, residential houses, statues, tombstones etc .).

The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle.

Neurons that synapse in this nucleus mediate the gag reflex, the carotid sinus reflex, the aortic reflex, the cough reflex, the baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, several respiratory reflexes and reflexes within the gastrointestinal system regulating motility and secretion.

Northern blot analysis several days after CREB overexpression showed a marked increase in dynorphin mRNA in the nucleus accumbens.