Other proteins implicated in scaffolding likewise have functions independent of structural tethering at the MAM ; for example, ER-resident and mitochondrial-resident mitofusins form heterocomplexes that regulate the number of inter-organelle contact sites, although mitofusins were first identified for their role in fission and fusion events between individual mitochondria.

A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP, as reflected by the large number of proteins in the inner membrane for this task.

Two independent evolutionary analyses of the peroxisomal proteome found homologies between the peroxisomal import machinery and the ERAD pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, along with a number of metabolic enzymes that were likely recruited from the mitochondria.

All of the cellular functions of a sieve-tube element are carried out by the ( much smaller ) companion cell, a typical plant cell except the companion cell usually has a larger number of ribosomes and mitochondria.

Mitochondrial disease may become clinically apparent once the number of affected mitochondria reaches a certain level ; this phenomenon is called " threshold expression ".

In contrast to white adipocytes ( fat cells ), which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a much higher number of ( iron containing ) mitochondria, which make it brown.

First, each cell has a higher number of mitochondria compared to more typical cells.

Many endotherms have a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms, which enables them to generate heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars.

The serious symptoms of Reye's syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular mitochondria, at least in the liver, and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage.

Cardiac muscle is adapted to be highly resistant to fatigue: it has a large number of mitochondria, enabling continuous aerobic respiration via oxidative phosphorylation, numerous myoglobins ( oxygen-storing pigment ) and a good blood supply, which provides nutrients and oxygen.

In normal conditions, the oxygen is reduced to produce water ; however, in about 0. 1 – 2 % of electrons passing through the chain ( this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria, though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon ), oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical (· O < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup >-</ sup >), most well documented for Complex I and Complex III.

The ketogenic diet results in adaptive changes to brain energy metabolism that increase the energy reserves ; ketone bodies are a more efficient fuel than glucose, and the number of mitochondria is increased.

Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) is located inside mitochondria organelles, exists in multiple copies, and is also tightly associated with a number of proteins to form a complex known as the nucleoid.

Each human cell contains approximately 100 mitochondria, giving a total number of mtDNA molecules per human cell of approximately 500.

* the number of affected mitochondria varies from cell ( in this case, the fertilized oocyte ) to cell depending both on the number it inherited from its mother cell and environmental factors which may favor mutant or wildtype mitochondrial DNA,

* the number of mtDNA molecules in the mitochondria varies from around two to ten.

The address of the first cell and the number of cells used is written in the information cell for the form.

Cell dimensions, number of formula units per cell, space group, and specific gravity are given for all substances.

Programmed cell death in plants has a number of molecular similarities to animal apoptosis, but it also has differences, notably the presence of a cell wall and the lack of an immune system which removes the pieces of the dead cell.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

As of 2010, the number of fixed-line telephone connections is far fewer than one per every 100 persons, with about five in use cell phones per 100 persons.

This was a large increase with the number of cell phones almost doubling from the 250, 000 in use in 2006.

* Mannans: They form microfibrils in the cell walls of a number of marine green algae including those from the genera, Codium, Dasycladus, and Acetabularia as well as in the walls of some red algae, like Porphyra and Bangia.

The formation of cell types such as nerve cells occurs with a number of intermediary, less differentiated cell types.

For example, there have been a number of epidemiological studies of looking for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, which have been largely inconclusive, save to demonstrate that the effect, if it exists, cannot be a large one.

where E < sub > cell </ sub > is the cell potential measured in volts ( V ) and C < sub > trans </ sub > is the cell current integrated over time and measured in coulombs ( C ); C < sub > trans </ sub > can also be determined by multiplying the total number of electrons transferred ( measured in moles ) times Faraday's constant ( F ).

Here n is the number of electrons / mole product, F is the Faraday constant ( coulombs / mole ), and ΔE is cell potential.

In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism ( typically eukarya ) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete.

Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin, which triggers a diverse range of systemic physiological effects.

The number of receptors at the cell surface of the receiving cell can also be varied, as can the affinity between the hormone and its receptor.

Unlike Microsoft Multiplan, it stayed very close to the model of VisiCalc, including the " A1 " letter and number cell notation, and slash-menu structure.

Whilst the process of meiosis bears a number of similarities with the ' life-cycle ' cell division process of mitosis, it differs in two important respects:

As the chromosomes move away from the center the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing a haploid number of chromosomes composed of two chromatids.

The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was described only in 1890 by German biologist August Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained.

As S approaches T the square will be outside C and therefore both Af and Af must cross C an odd number of times as S varies from zero to T.

The Centimorgan is also often used to imply distance along a chromosome, but the number of base pairs it corresponds to varies widely.

The threshold is indexed biannually in March and September, and varies according to the number of dependants the bankrupt has.

The number of years varies depending on the company issuing the report, but the report will eventually cease to record that information.

The specific object varies with each game and can include taking as many tricks as possible, taking as many scoring cards ( or as few penalty cards ) within the tricks won as possible, taking as few tricks as possible, or taking an exact number of tricks.

Subfolders can contain still more files and folders and so on, thus building a tree-like structure in which one " master folder " ( or " root folder " — the name varies from one operating system to another ) can contain any number of levels of other folders and files.

The actual number in Scotland varies considerably — between approximately 350 to 500 due to the use of the term " island dun " for well over one hundred Hebridean examples — a distinction that has created a divide between mainland Scottish crannog and Hebridean islet settlement studies.

The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time.

The number of adherents to the various smaller groups of Christadelphians varies from approximately 1, 850 members ( the Unamended Christadelphians as of 2006 ) to groups made up of little more than one or two immediate families.

Chimpanzees mate throughout the year, although the number of females in estrus varies seasonally in a group.

The number of nuclei in the cyst varies from 1 to 8 among species and is one of the characteristics used to tell species apart.

The number of moults varies, both between species and genders, but generally will be between five times and nine times before the spider reaches maturity.

The number and definition of factors varies, depending on theoretical purpose, empirical emphasis, or school of economics.

The number of harp strings varies greatly, depending on the type of guitar and also the player's personal preference.

Accuracy on machine guns varies based on a wide number of factors from design to manufacturing tolerances, most of which have been improved over time.

For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption ( TSFC ), which is the number of pounds of propellant needed to generate impulses that measure a pound force-hour.

United States: In the United States the privately held company R. R. Bowker is the responsible entity, and there is a charge, which varies depending upon the number of ISBNs purchased, with prices ranging from $ 125. 00 for a single number.

The number of B channels for PRI varies according to the nation: in North America and Japan it is 23B + 1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 1. 544 Mbit / s ( T1 ); in Europe, India and Australia it is 30B + 1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 2. 048 Mbit / s ( E1 ).

The total number of Kashubians varies depending on one's definition.

The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali – Tagoi, varies among descriptions, from two ( Williamson & Blench 2000 ), three ( Ethnologue ), to eight ( Blench ms ).

The species are not clearly distinct and estimates of the number of species varies from 13 to 18.

The number of rules observed varies with the order ; Theravada bhikkhus follow around 227 rules.

Mach number varies by the composition of the surrounding medium and also by local conditions, especially temperature and pressure.