is the phase integral ( integration of reflected light ; a number in the 0 to 1 range ).

Overall, more than two million tourists visited Crete last year, and this increase in tourism is reflected on the number of hotel beds, rising by 53 % in the period between 1986 and 1991, when the rest of Greece saw increases of only 25 %.

In science there are at this time a number of approaches to characterizing complexity, many of which are reflected in this article.

The popularity of his books is reflected in the number of editions and translations that have appeared since the sixteenth century.

This was reflected in a move towards denser, more urban styles of building, including a greatly increased number of tall buildings, and proposals for major enhancements to the public transport network.

" This liminal role is reflected in a number of her cult titles: Apotropaia ( that turns away / protects ); Enodia ( on the way ); Propulaia / Propylaia ( before the gate ); Triodia / Trioditis ( who frequents crossroads ); Klêidouchos ( holding the keys ), etc.

The caricature of the period is also reflected in a number of more specific notions.

A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP, as reflected by the large number of proteins in the inner membrane for this task.

Parabolic mirrors were also described by the physicist Ibn Sahl in the 10th century, and Ibn al-Haytham discussed concave and convex mirrors in both cylindrical and spherical geometries, carried out a number of experiments with mirrors, and solved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to another point.

This fall reflected a dramatic decline in the fertility rate: the average number of children born to women decreased from 6. 5 in 1966 to 2. 5 in 1988.

However, fifteen years later his views had changed, with Blench ( 2011 ) proposing instead that the noun-classifier system of Central Sudanic, commonly reflected in a tripartite general – singulative – plurative number system, triggered the development or elaboration of the noun-class system of the Atlantic – Congo languages, with tripartite number marking surviving in the Plateau and Gur languages of Niger – Congo, and the lexical similarities being due to loans.

Blench ( 2010 ) believes that the distribution of Nilo-Saharan reflects the waterways of the wet Sahara 12, 000 years ago, and that the protolanguage had noun classifiers, which today are reflected in a diverse range of prefixes, suffixes, and number marking.

Unlike Monte Carlo algorithms ( such as path tracing ) which handle all types of light paths, typical radiosity methods only account for paths which leave a light source and are reflected diffusely some number of times ( possibly zero ) before hitting the eye.

* In numerology, the number twelve is considered the number of completeness, as reflected in the twelve months of the year, twelve hours of the clock, twelve gods of Olympus, twelve tribes of Israel, twelve Apostles of Jesus, the 12 successors of Muhammad in Shia Islam, twelve signs of the Zodiac, etc., whereas the number thirteen was considered irregular, transgressing this completeness.

A distributed reflected denial of service attack ( DRDoS ) involves sending forged requests of some type to a very large number of computers that will reply to the requests.

Elements of the precautionary approach are reflected in a number of the provisions of the Protocol, such as:

* The total fertility rate, the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates.

The Dungeons & Dragons cosmology as reflected in Planescape consists of a number of planes, which can be divided into the following regions:

These events have resulted in a remarkable form of Prince Albert's life history, one that continues to be reflected in London architecture in a number of ways, including in the Albert Memorial later erected to the Prince.

Though Clementi noted in subsequent publications of his sonata that it had been written ten years before Mozart's opera — presumably to make clear who was borrowing from whom — Clementi retained an admiration for Mozart, as reflected in the large number of transcriptions he made of Mozart's music, among which is a piano solo version of the " Zauberflöte " overture.

It reflected a number of nationalist, anti-imperialist and communist political viewpoints, including those of the Vietnam Workers Party ( North Vietnamese communist party ).

Spielberg reflected, " George's idea was to start the movie with a musical number.

In an atom of neutral charge, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.

The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom ; thus, A = Z + N. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ), and the mass defect is usually very small compared to the mass, the atomic mass of an atom is roughly equal to A.

Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 ( but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table ), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table ( also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z ).

Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z ( the atomic number ).

The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior.

An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive charge if there are fewer electrons ( electron deficiency ) or negative charge if there are more electrons ( electron excess ).

Each orbital is defined by a different set of quantum numbers ( n, l, and m ), and contains a maximum of two electrons each with their own spin quantum number.

The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2, 6, 10, and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons which occupy a complete set of s, p, d and f atomic orbitals, respectively.

# There is always an integer number of electrons orbiting the nucleus.

where X is the energy level corresponding to the principal quantum number n, type is a lower-case letter denoting the shape or subshell of the orbital and it corresponds to the angular quantum number l, and y is the number of electrons in that orbital.

Shot noise is a type of electronic noise that occurs when the finite number of particles ( such as electrons in an electronic circuit or photons in an optical device ) is small enough to give rise to statistical fluctuations in a signal.

This work culminated in the solar-system-like ( but quantum-limited ) Bohr model of the atom in the same year, in which a nucleus containing an atomic number of positive charge is surrounded by an equal number of electrons in orbital shells.

The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state.

Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may differ in number of neutrons.

It is one of the ironic quirks of history that the viability and usefulness of nationalism and the territorial state are rapidly dissipating at precisely the time that the nation-state attained its highest number ( approximately 100 ).

It is worth dwelling in some detail on the crisis of this story, because it brings together a number of characteristic elements and makes of them a curious, riddling compound obscurely but centrally significant for Mann's work.

The cyclist, a sufficiently commonplace young fellow, is not named but identified simply as `` Life '' -- that and a license number, which Piepsam uses in addressing him.

Presumably a cocktail party is expected to fulfill the host's desire to get together a number of people who are inadequately acquainted and thereby arrange for bringing the level of acquaintance up to adequacy for future cooperative endeavors.

The number of primitive ideas in systematically-simple theories is reduced to a minimum.

I assume that the number of readers of this anthology who regard themselves as morally perfect is small, and that most readers are willing to consider procedures by which they may gain more insight into themselves and better understanding of others.

That is how the real routine of resistance goes on, and its strength is directly proportionate to the number of insignificant people who can let themselves be taken to pieces, piece by piece, without quitting.

Although the United States and the U.S.S.R. have been arguing whether there shall be four, five or six top assistants, the most important element in the situation is not the number of deputies but the manner in which these deputies are to do their work.

There are a number of other considerations besides this one but it is for the Congress, not the Department of Justice, to balance these various considerations and make a judgment about legislation.

Nonetheless, although few in number they are a stubborn crew, as tenacious of life as the Hardshell Baptists, which suggests that there is some kind of vital principle embodied in their faith.

For that is the one an increasingly large number of prominent Americans are now proposing.

and it is still very far from certain how valid the party's claim is that in `` a growing number of kolkhozes '' the peasants are finding it more profitable, to surrender their private plots to the kolkhoz and to let the latter be turned into something increasingly like a state farm.

Too bad your number is in the directory ''.

The number of countries thus favorably situated is small, but their peoples constitute over half of the population of the underdeveloped world.

The resulting setup, it was declared, `` would be similar to that which is in successful operation in a number of metropolitan counties as large or larger than Rhode Island ''.

The Navy, on April 25, announced it is bringing back the carrier Shangri-La from the Mediterranean, increasing to four the number of attack carriers in the vicinity of Cuba.

There is little doubt that the number of those who wish to serve will be far greater than our capacity to absorb them.

Since broadcast frequencies are very limited in number, these objectives are to some extent inconsistent in that not all of them can be fully realized, and to the extent that each is realized, there is a corresponding reduction of the possibilities for fullest achievement of the others.

During nighttime hours, because of the intense skywave propagation then prevailing, no large number of stations can be permitted to operate on one of these channels, if the wide area service for which these frequencies are assigned is to be rendered satisfactorily by the dominant stations which must be relied upon to render it.

In the daytime, on the other hand, since skywave transmission is relatively inefficient, it is possible to assign a substantially larger number of stations on these channels.

Such additional daytime class 2, assignments are appropriate if optimum use is to be made of these frequencies, and the Commission has over the years made a large number of them.