In the Bullet Cluster, lensing observations show that much of the lensing mass is separated from the X-ray-emitting baryonic mass.

Spencer Jones ' work of 1939 showed that the positions of the Sun actually observed, when compared with those obtained from Newcomb's formula, show the need for the following correction to the formula to represent the observations:

In fact, Bayesian inference can be used to show that when the long-run proportion of different outcomes are unknown but exchangeable ( meaning that the random process from which they are generated may be biased but is equally likely to be biased in any direction ) previous observations demonstrate the likely direction of the bias, such that the outcome which has occurred the most in the observed data is the most likely to occur again.

) So far, observations show any rotation of the Universe is very slow ( no faster than once every 60 · 10 < sup > 12 </ sup > years ( 10 < sup >− 13 </ sup > rad / yr )), and debate persists over whether there is any rotation.

He will show and comment photos of primitive forms of life which he gathered to serve as references for the observations to be made by the ESA ExoMars mission ( to be launched in 2018 ).

* For UT: analysis of historical observations show that ΔT has a long-term increase of + 31 s / cy < sup > 2 </ sup >.

Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse seine fishing nets and exposure to chemical pollutants ; perhaps the most alarming sign is the " mass suicides " committed by dolphins off Iran's Hormozgan province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.

Recent observations from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) using sound waves traveling below the Sun's photosphere ( local helioseismology ) have been used to develop a three-dimensional image of the internal structure below sunspots ; these observations show that there is a powerful downdraft underneath each sunspot, forming a rotating vortex that concentrates the magnetic field.

To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years.

Spectroscopic observations show that all planetary nebulae are expanding.

High resolution observations taken several years apart will show the expansion of the nebula perpendicular to the line of sight, while spectroscopic observations of the Doppler shift will reveal the velocity of expansion in the line of sight.

New X-ray observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory show three distinct structures: an outer, horseshoe-shaped ring about 2 light years in diameter, a hot inner core about 3 light-months in diameter, and a hot central source less than 1 light-month in diameter which may contain the superstar that drives the whole show.

Microscopic and microchemical observations, however, show that a major part of varnish is clay, which could only arrive by wind.

Newton lists the astronomical observations on which he relies ( in ' The Phaenomena '), and establishes in a stepwise manner that the inverse square law of mutual gravitation applies to solar system bodies, starting with the satellites of Jupiter and going on by stages to show that the law is of universal application.

However, precise long-term observations show that the constellations change shape, albeit very slowly, and that each star has an independent motion.

However, observations of Dione, which has an even darker trailing hemisphere and similar but more prominent bright streaks, show that the streaks are actually ice cliffs resulting from extensive fracturing of the moon's surface.

If the progenitor star had exploded as a supernova, then observations of similar objects show that the remnant would most likely have been ejected from the system at a relatively high velocity.

Photographs taken over a period of 50 years show the rate of nebula expansion is roughly 1 arcsecond per century, which corresponds to spectroscopic observations as 20 – 30 km s < sup >− 1 </ sup >.

Many astronomical observations, such as those from supernovae and the Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) radiation, show the observable universe to be very close to homogeneous and isotropic and infer it to be accelerating.

Whereas many of his personality defects are apparent in his appearances in shows such as The Day Today and Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge, it is largely from I'm Alan Partridge onwards that his creators began to explore his personality in depth, and most of the observations that follow originated in that show.

On the contrary, most scientists now accept the fact that actual observations from earth satellites show no climate warming whatsoever.

Recent observations by the European Space Agency's INTEGRAL satellite may explain the origin of a giant cloud of antimatter surrounding the galactic center.

Although no confirmed direct observations of the Oort cloud have been made, astronomers believe that it is the source of all long-period and Halley-type comets entering the inner Solar System and many of the centaurs and Jupiter-family comets as well.

Its companion Fomalhaut b was thought to be the first extrasolar planet ever detected by a visible light image, thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope, but infrared observations have since retracted this claim: it is instead a spherical cloud of dust.

In the event, observations were obscured by cloud.

Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations ( using terms ranging from " gentle " to " mega-colossal ") are used to determine the explosivity value.

Synoptic surface weather observations use code numbers to record and report the types of tropospheric cloud visible at each scheduled observation time based on the height and physical appearance of the clouds.

File: MODIS Map. jpg | Satellite image based largely on observations from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) on July 11, 2005 of Earth's cloud cover.

Detailed observations of the cloud have been meager and usually occur only by chance, since mammatus do not pose a meteorological threat to society.

However, observations of snow crystals with a low-temperature scanning electron microscope ( LT-SEM ) clearly show cloud droplets measuring up to on the surface of the crystals.

; WAOSS: The Wide-Angle Steroscopic TV-Camera ( WAOSS ) was designed to globally monitor Mars over time to make studies of cloud movement, surface changes due to dust storms, and other long-term observations of the surface and atmosphere.

Polar mesospheric cloud observations have

It can also refer to breaks in cloud cover, which lead astronomers into trying to make observations, only to have the cloud close in again.

Polynesian navigators steered by the sun and the stars, and by careful observations of cloud reflections and bird flight patterns, were able to determine the existence and location of islands.

Meteor 1-1 provided near-global observations of the earth's weather systems, cloud cover, ice and snow fields, and reflected and emitted radiation from the dayside and nightside of the earth-atmosphere system for operational use by the Soviet meteorological service.

Its impenetrable cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface ; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it very similar in size to Earth, it possessed a substantial atmosphere.

Using submillimetre observations, astronomers examine molecular clouds and dark cloud cores with a goal of clarifying the process of star formation from earliest collapse to stellar birth.

The mission of the spacecraft is to make targeted observations of giant molecular clouds and dark cloud cores.

Despite the system's disorganized cloud appearance, combined observations from nearby ships, as well as a report from Manzanillo, Mexico, reveals Irwin's maximum sustained winds may have been as high as with a minimum barometric pressure of, which was set as the storm's peak intensity at 00 UTC on August 22.

With the invention of the telescope, optical observations of Venus became possible, although it soon became apparent that its surface is permanently hidden by dense cloud.

A third reservoir of trans-Neptunian objects, the Oort cloud, is believed to exist, although no confirmed direct observations of the Oort cloud have been made.