It is a popular belief that alchemists made contributions to the " chemical " industries of the day — ore testing and refining, metalworking, production of gunpowder, ink, dyes, paints, cosmetics, leather tanning, ceramics, glass manufacture, preparation of extracts, liquors, and so on ( it seems that the preparation of aqua vitae, the " water of life ", was a fairly popular " experiment " among European alchemists ).

Antimony is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found in the sulfide stibnite ( Sb < sub > 2 </ sub > S < sub > 3 </ sub >) which is the predominant ore mineral.

Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people.

Eventually, humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore, and, around 2500 BC, began alloying the two metals to form bronze, which is much harder than its ingredients.

Most of Australia's iron ore is also mined in the Pilbara and it also has one of the world's major manganese mines,

Brass was produced by the cementation process where copper and zinc ore are heated together until zinc vapor is produced which reacts with the copper.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Bauxite is an aluminium ore and is the main source of aluminium.

Although aluminium demand is rapidly increasing, known reserves of its bauxite ore are sufficient to meet the worldwide demands for aluminium for many centuries.

The role of the bacteria is the further oxidation of the ore, but also the regeneration of the chemical oxidant Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup > from Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup >.

At the current time, it is more economical to smelt copper ore rather than to use bioleaching, since the concentration of copper in its ore is in general quite high.

However, the concentration of gold in its ore is in general very low.

On that Mississippi riverine system today, including that of other sheltered waterways, industrial barge trafficking in bulk raw materials such as coal, coke, timber, iron ore and other minerals is extremely common in the developed world using huge cargo barges that connect in groups and trains-of-barges in ways which allow cargo volumes and weights which would astonish pioneers of modern barge systems and methods in the Victorian era.

Coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron.

Chromium is mined as chromite ( FeCr < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 4 </ sub >) ore. About two-fifths of the chromite ores and concentrates in the world are produced in South Africa, while Kazakhstan, India, Russia, and Turkey are also substantial producers.

The Congo is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds.

The country has deposits of coal, opal, gemstones, kaolin, iron ore, soda ash, and tantalum, but only gold is mined in significant quantities.

Afghanistan is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, including extensive deposits of natural gas, petroleum, coal, marble, gold, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semi-precious stones, and many rare earth elements.

The nation's other recently announced treasure is the Hajigak iron ore mine, located 130 miles west of Kabul and is believed to hold an estimated 1. 8 billion to 2 billion metric tons of the mineral used to make steel.

The process by which uranium ore is mined, processed, enriched, used, possibly reprocessed and disposed of is known as the nuclear fuel cycle.

The cost of extraction must thus be weighed against the metal value contained in the rock to determine what ore can be processed and what ore is of too low a grade to be worth mining.

The ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock and from the ore minerals.

For euxenite, ore is processed either by fusion with potassium bisulfate or with hydrofluoric acid.

Uranium ore is generally processed close to the mine into yellowcake, which is an intermediate step in the processing of uranium.

Early settlers in the area had cut down the native forests to fuel blast furnaces that processed the iron ore found there, leaving only a secondary growth of dense shrubs.

Slurry pipelines are also used to transport tailings from a mineral processing plant after that the ore has been processed to dispose of the remaining rocks or clays.

Located within the city limits is the Thunderbird Mine, an iron ore mine producing crude ore processed into 5. 5 million tons of iron ore " taconite " pellets per year.

Many companies processed the massive piles of " overburden " that had been removed from copper mines, or expanded the existing open-pit mines to extract the gold ore. Gold mines as widespread as the Robinson project near Ruth, and AmSelco's Alligator Ridge mine from Ely, kept the town alive during the 1980s and 1990s, until the recent revival of copper mining.

The current name is derived either from the Bloom family, influential in the early history of the town, or from the iron ore processed into " blooms ," masses of wrought iron.

At Jackson's Forge, ore would be processed into bars that would then be transported to Paterson and other industrial areas towards the east.

During these years the mill at Monticello processed large amounts of ore taken from the canyons of southeastern Utah.

For instance, in studying a medieval lead smelting site, one would want to identify the transport links which brought in the raw lead ore ; the place where lead ore was crushed or processed before smelting ; the processes and materials used to smelt it ; and the places where lead was stored or further processed.

In the early years of mining from the late 19th century until the 1950s, mining focus was on high grade ore ( hematite ) that could be processed into steel without much change.

While the ore was processed in the hammers and wire drawers with the water power in the surrounding valleys, a number of artisanal smitheries in Lüdenscheid made finished products of those materials.

The HIsarna steelmaking process is a process for primary steelmaking in which iron ore is processed almost directly into steel.

Mined uranium ores normally are processed by grinding the ore materials to a uniform particle size and then treating the ore to extract the uranium by chemical leaching.

Steelmaking is another example – raw materials in the form of ore are mined, refined and processed into steel, a semi-finished material.

While owning steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost the most valuable of the iron ore fields around Lake Superior.

From being a mere village in an agricultural district at the beginning of the 19th century, the place grew rapidly in population owing to the abundance of coal and iron ore, and the population of the whole parish, 1, 486 in 1801, increased tenfold during the first half of the 19th century.

Possible projects at the time included extending a line from Ejisu to Nkoranza and Techiman ; a line from Tamale to Bolgatanga and Paga to Burkina Faso ; a line from Wenchi, Bole to Wa and Hamile and also to Burkina Faso, and a line to Yendi where there are iron ore deposits.

The copper ore was valued at about $ 83. 5 million.

A major source of zircon ( and hence hafnium ) ores are heavy mineral sands ore deposits, pegmatites particularly in Brazil and Malawi, and carbonatite intrusions particularly the Crown Polymetallic Deposit at Mount Weld, Western Australia.

* Iron Duke is an iron ore mine connected to a port and steelworks at Whyalla, South Australia

Techniques of surface mining include ; Open-pit mining which consists of recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground, quarrying or gathering building materials from an open pit mine, strip mining which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore / seams underneath, and mountaintop removal, commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top of a mountain off to reach ore deposits at depth.

Fifteen natural fission reactors have so far been found in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa.

Cart for carrying ore from a mine on display at the Historic Archive and Museum of Mining in Pachuca, Mexico.

They mine the ore, smelt it and then work it into pieces the shape of knuckle-bones, after which it is transported to the island of Ictis by wagon, which can be done at low tide.

Once the ore was at the surface, it was reduced and extracted in smelting ovens.

Our calculation of the amount of element 43 required to produce their spectrum is quite similar to the direct measurements of natural technetium abundance in uranium ore published in 1999 by Dave Curtis and colleagues at Los Alamos.

Portugal, as the main European source of the element, was put under pressure from both sides, because of its deposits of wolframite ore at Panasqueira.

A sluicing tank for silver ore, excavated at Laurium, Attica

In 1972 French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors.

* June 8 – A fire at the Speculator and Granite Mountain ore mine outside Butte, Montana kills at least 168 workers.

* During construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883, blasting and excavation reveal high concentrations of nickel – copper ore at Murray Mine on the edge of the Sudbury Basin located near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

All iron ore mined at the sites is transported on the Hamersley & Robe River railway, one of the world's largest privately owned railroads to either the port of Dampier, Western Australia or Cape Lambert near Wickham, Western Australia.

The formation of important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the contact zone.

The ore deposits in the Colorado Mineral Belt lie within a zone that has been geologically active at intervals beginning from near the time of crustal accretion in central Colorado at least 1. 6 billion years ago until the present.

Now many of the important ore deposits are thought to be genetically related to younger magmatism, some at least as young as about 25 million years.

The end of the 18th century saw the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, and the presence of iron ore, limestone and large coal deposits in south-east Wales meant that this area soon saw the establishment of ironworks and coal mines, notably the Cyfarthfa Ironworks and the Dowlais Ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil.