An organism behaves altruistically and the recipient does not reciprocate but has an increased chance of acting in a way that is selfish but also as a byproduct benefits the altruist.

Pyrrolysine trait is restricted to several microbes, and only one organism has both Pyl and Sec.

In his book The Science Delusion ( 2012 ) he wrote that the philosophy of the organism ( organicism ) has updated the ideas of animism as it treats all of nature as alive.

Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism, and the information has been used to enable a multitude of studies that would not have been possible without it.

A green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is a model organism that has proven important in advancing knowledge of cell biology.

Research on Bacillus subtilis has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene / protein regulation, and cell cycle events in bacteria.

No one has given a causal explanation, they argue, of why it would not be possible for a functionally equivalent non-conscious organism ( i. e., a philosophical zombie ) to achieve the very same survival advantages as a conscious organism.

The positions and are said to be within the same cistron when an organism that has the mutation at on one chromosome and has the mutation at position on the paired chromosome exhibits the recessive trait even though the organism is not homozygous for either mutation.

When an infected host cell is starved for various nutrients such as amino acids ( for example, tryptophan ), iron, or vitamins, this has a negative consequence for Chlamydiae since the organism is dependent on the host cell for these nutrients.

# The organism has one basic tendency and striving-to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism.

The Hutchinsonian niche is defined more technically as a " Euclidean hyperspace whose dimensions are defined as environmental variables and whose size is a function of the number of values that the environmental values may assume for which an organism has positive fitness.

The closest such organism is the Islamic Fiqh Academy, ( a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC )), which has 57 member states.

A genetically modified organism ( GMO ) or engineered organism ( GEO ) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism ( typically eukarya ) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a gamete.

Behe has been accused of using an " argument by lack of imagination ", and Behe himself acknowledges that a failure of current science to explain how an " irreducibly complex " organism did or could evolve does not automatically prove the impossibility of such an evolution.

Lambda phage has been used heavily as a model organism, and has been a rich source for useful tools in microbial genetics, and later in molecular genetics.

Set entirely on a colonized Mars where a plague has made the planet uninhabitable by men, so that only women populate Mars, living alongside an ancient parasitic organism ( perhaps also alien to Mars ) referred to as " the Fenrir " and " the Wolf.

They are components of prokaryotic DNA restriction-modification mechanisms that protect the organism against invading foreign DNA.

Thus, inherited behavioral mechanisms that allowed an organism a greater chance of surviving and / or reproducing in the past are more likely to survive in present organisms.

These programmed mechanisms in the brain then act to learn and refine the ability of the organism.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not only an important opportunistic pathogen and causative agent of emerging nosocomial infections but can also be considered a model organism for the study of diverse bacterial mechanisms that contribute to bacterial persistence.

Proteases determine the lifetime of other proteins playing important physiological role like hormones, antibodies, or other enzymes — this is one of the fastest " switching on " and " switching off " regulatory mechanisms in the physiology of an organism.

Epigenetic changes include modification of the genetic material due to methylation and other reversible chemical alteration, as well as nonprogrammed remolding of the organism by physical and other environmental effects due to the inherent plasticity of developmental mechanisms.

Most if not all plant and animal cells contain circadian oscillators, and physiological control mechanisms insure that they maintain phase coherence so that the organism as a whole demonstrates a rhythm whose period is close to, but usually not exactly, 24h in constant environmental conditions.

Antigen-antibody complexes ( immune complexes ) formed in organism are quickly removed by several immune mechanisms.

The production of toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments and the toxins vary greatly in their severity, depending on the organism infected and its susceptibility, metabolism, and defense mechanisms.

The evolution of evolvability is less controversial if it occurs via the evolution of sexual reproduction, or via the tendency of variation-generating mechanisms to become more active when an organism is stressed.

For example, it is known that hypoglycaemia ( low blood glucose ) in an organism produces a release of catecholamines, which trigger compensation mechanisms thereby increasing blood glucose levels.

Studies in cell cultures can be useful for finding mechanisms for biological processes, but they can be criticized for not effectively capturing the whole of the living organism.

He also contributed to the field of aging biology, looking for mutants with altered longevity and trying to dissect the mechanisms by which an organism can escape the inevitable functional downfall and its associated diseases.

Self healing may refer to automatic, homeostatic processes of the body that are controlled by physiological mechanisms inherent in the organism.

Although this limits spread of the disease because it is restricted to the equine population alone, the organism has developed complex mechanisms overtime to better equip itself for prolonged survival in the equine species.

To counteract this, the density of an organism must be greater than that of the surrounding water.

The term " android " can mean either one of these, while a cyborg (" cybernetic organism " or " bionic man ") would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts.

For these thermal effects, the frequency of the radiation is important only as it affects radiation penetration into the organism ( for example microwaves penetrate better than infrared ).

; Cryptoendolith: An organism that lives in microscopic spaces within rocks, such as pores between aggregate grains ; these may also be called Endolith, a term that also includes organisms populating fissures, aquifers, and faults filled with groundwater in the deep subsurface.

; Lithoautotroph: An organism ( usually bacteria ) whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide and exergonic inorganic oxidation ( chemolithotrophs ) such as Nitrosomonas europaea ; these organisms are capable of deriving energy from reduced mineral compounds like pyrites, and are active in geochemical cycling and the weathering of parent bedrock to form soil

Alternative start codons ( depending on the organism ), include " GUG " or " UUG "; these codons normally represent valine and leucine, respectively, but, as a start codon, they are translated as methionine or formylmethionine.

The argument is that these symbiotic organisms, being unable to survive apart from each other and their climate and local conditions, form an organism in their own right, under a wider conception of the term organism than is conventionally used.

For a biological organism to survive, these myriad components must interact with each other and with their environment in a way that processes food, removes waste, moves components to the correct location, and is responsive to signalling molecules, other organisms, light, sound, temperature and many other factors.

Behe asserts that the absence of any one of these proteins causes the flagella to fail to function, and that the flagellum " engine " is irreducibly complex as if we try to reduce its complexity by positing an earlier and simpler stage of its evolutionary development, we get an organism which functions improperly.

This occurs partly because random mutations cause changes in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring.

Inappropriate activation of these proteases can be very destructive for an organism.

These blooms of organisms cause severe disruptions in fisheries of these waters as the toxins in these organism cause filter-feeding shellfish in affected waters to become poisonous for human consumption due to saxitoxin.

Frequently, physical differences are associated with the different sexes of an organism ; these sexual dimorphisms can reflect the different reproductive pressures the sexes experience.

With multicellular organisms, numerous processes are required for coordinating individual cells to support the organism as a whole ; the complexity of these processes tend to increase with the complexity of the organism.

Nerves radiate from central rings around the mouth into each arm or along the body ; the branches of these nerves coordinate the movements of the organism.

At first, these processes seemed so strange and unprecedented that they were taken as evidence of sheer incompetence .... Now it is recognized that Bruckner's unorthodox structural methods were inevitable .... Bruckner created a new and monumental type of symphonic organism, which abjured the tense, dynamic continuity of Beethoven, and the broad, fluid continuity of Wagner, in order to express something profoundly different from either composer, something elemental and metaphysical.

An extreme variant of biological determinism might assert that an organism's behavior is determined entirely by biological factors, and that all of these factors are innate to that organism e. g. DNA.

Like mice, these rats are frequently subjects of medical, psychological and other biological experiments, and constitute an important model organism.

The majority of toolkit genes are components of signaling pathways, and encode for the production of transcription factors, cell adhesion proteins, cell surface receptor proteins, and secreted morphogens, all of these participate in defining the fate of undifferentiated cells, generating spatial and temporal patterns, which in turn form the body plan of the organism.

The gulper eel is one example of an organism that displays these characteristics.

" Trobrianders ' sexual life starts long before puberty arrives, and gradually shapes and develops as the organism matures ... Chastity is an unknown virtue among these natives.

While all animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism.