The term " wild type " allele is sometimes used to describe an allele that is thought to contribute to the typical phenotypic character as seen in " wild " populations of organisms, such as fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ).

The anoxic setting had been thought to not only protect the newly dead organisms from decay, but it also created chemical conditions allowing the preservation of the soft parts of the organisms.

In the 19th century, when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Louis Pasteur came to the conclusion that this fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force contained within the yeast cells called " ferments ", which were thought to function only within living organisms.

In addition, there are unverified claims of " footprints "-tracks made by legged organisms thought to resemble arthropods or legged worms.

Scientists once thought that organic compounds are or could only be created by living organisms.

Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction.

In the 19th century, the Mesozoa were a wastebasket taxon for multicellular organisms which lacked the invaginating gastrula which was thought to define the Metazoa.

Although epigenetics in multicellular organisms is generally thought to be a mechanism involved in differentiation, with epigenetic patterns " reset " when organisms reproduce, there have been some observations of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance ( e. g., the phenomenon of paramutation observed in maize ).

It is thought that this long recovery was due to the successive waves of extinction which inhibited recovery, as well as to prolonged environmental stress to organisms which continued into the Early Triassic.

In the cells of extant organisms, the vast majority of the proteins present in the mitochondria ( numbering approximately 1500 different types in mammals ) are coded for by nuclear DNA, but the genes for some of them, if not most, are thought to have originally been of bacterial origin, having since been transferred to the eukaryotic nucleus during evolution.

As urea is an organic molecule, many at the time thought it could only be made by living organisms.

The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth by stimulating biodiversity and leading to the near-extinction of oxygen-intolerant organisms.

Spontaneous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.

miRNAs are well conserved in eukaryotic organisms and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation.

The shuffling of genes brought about by genetic recombination is thought to have many advantages, as it is a major engine of genetic variation and also allows sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet, in which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner.

It was thought that only tough, cuticle type soft tissue could be preserved by Burgess shale type preservation, but an increasing number of organisms are being discovered that lack such cuticle, such as the probable chordate Pikaia and the shellless Odontogriphus.

This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen was at high concentration in the atmosphere and thus would represent a more ancient form of energy production in cells.

The same DNA-preserving adaptations used to survive dormancy are thought to work in this case, and may have also helped the organisms to thrive despite their totally asexual mode of reproduction.

Although the full range of function for these structures is unknown, some are thought to assist in defence, while others have been observed to aid in feeding or in the removal of other organisms attempting to settle on the surface of the starfish.

Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether the samples contained the remnants of living organisms.

During the European Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms.

However, she objected to the widespread personification of Gaia and stressed that Gaia is " not an organism ", but " an emergent property of interaction among organisms ".

There, she learns that the station is swarming with organisms infected with X Parasites, virions that can replicate their hosts ' physical appearances and memories, killing them afterward.

While there, she learns that the space station is swarming with organisms that are infected with X Parasites.

Samus absorbs the nucleus of the SA-X and uses her newly restored Ice Beam to destroy the Omega Metroid, before escaping to her ship that is piloted back to the station by sentient organisms she had saved earlier, which extracts her from the space station before it collides with SR388.

A supporter of human rights, as Associate Minister of Health she amended the Human Rights Act to outlaw discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and having organisms in the body which might cause disease.

In addition, she also exhibits psychokinetic abilities as well as the power to help purge others of disease organisms.

For instance, she has delved into the area of the " value " of such unquantifiables as clean air and clean water, needed in tremendous abundance by humans and other living organisms.

In this test, 130 gallons of a suspension, having a count of Af organisms per ml, or a total of approximately Af spores, was aerosolized.

He concluded — correctly — that the mouthwash either did not reach, or was not present long enough, to kill the plaque organisms.

He investigated its positive anti-bacterial effect on many organisms, and noticed that it affected bacteria such as staphylococci and many other Gram-positive pathogens that cause scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria, but not typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever, which are caused by Gram-negative bacteria, for which he was seeking a cure at the time.

Photoactivatable adenylate cyclase ( PAC ) was discovered in E. gracilis and can be expressed in other organisms through genetic manipulation.

However, it was the identification of vitamins A, C, and E as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in the biochemistry of living organisms.

Under 10 % of organisms were predators or scavengers, although since these organisms were larger, the biomass was split equally between each of the filter feeding, deposit feeding, predatory and scavenging organisms.

Since the Phage Φ-X174 was sequenced in 1977, the DNA sequences of thousands of organisms have been decoded and stored in databases.

Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralised – hence readily fossilised – organisms became common.

Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K – T boundary there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms such as fungi that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation.

Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically.

The idea of a clade did not exist in pre-Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy, which was based by necessity only on internal or external morphological similarities between organisms – although as it happens, many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus ' original Systema Naturae ( notably among the vertebrate groups ) do represent clades.

As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from the typical biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.

The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word ferment was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms.

Prior to The Origin of Species, there was little appreciation or understanding of the dynamic and reciprocal relations between organisms, their adaptations, and the environment.

The Clementsian paradigm was challenged by Henry Gleason, who stated that ecological communities develop from the unique and coincidental association of individual organisms.

However, more specifically, the relationship was endosymbiotic, meaning that one of the organisms ( the bacteria ) lived within the other ( the eukaryotic cells ).

It was Darwin and his contemporaries who first linked the hierarchical structure of the great tree of life in living organisms with the then very sparse fossil record.

He first termed it aquaculture but later found that aquaculture was already applied to culture of aquatic organisms.

After the initial discovery of introns in protein-coding genes of the eukaryotic nucleus, there was significant debate as to whether introns in modern-day organisms were inherited from a common ancient ancestor ( termed the introns-early hypothesis ), or whether they appeared in genes rather recently in the evolutionary process ( termed the introns-late hypothesis ).