In common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.

Persuasive precedent ( also persuasive authority ) is precedent or other legal writing that is not binding precedent but that is useful or relevant and that may guide the judge in making the decision in a current case is known as persuasive precedent ( or persuasive authority or advisory precedent ).

In a case of first impression, courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues.

The necessary analysis ( called ratio decidendi ), then constitutes a precedent binding on other courts ; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called obiter dicta, which constitute persuasive authority but are not technically binding.

Today academic writers are often cited in legal argument and decisions as persuasive authority ; often, they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted, or when the judge believes the academic's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in precedent.

:( 2 ) instances where a litigant intends to ask the highest court of the jurisdiction to overturn binding precedent, and therefore needs to cite persuasive precedent to demonstrate a trend in other jurisdictions.

* The courts of one state are generally not required to follow the decisions of the courts of another state, but in the common law legal system it is customary for the courts of one state to look to decisions of other states as persuasive statements of what the law should be in the state making the decision, where express statutory provisions do not control.

Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, ' Seleucid ' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander.

Although a few other historians harbour doubts about the authenticity of the work, the majority of other Anglo-Saxon scholars do not find these arguments persuasive.

It was a highly persuasive compilation of Guderian's own theories and the armoured warfare and combined-arms warfare ideas of other General Staff officers, expounding the use of airpower as well as tanks in future ground combat.

John Hampden, on the other hand, was persuasive in private: he sat on nine committees.

Though other historians have expressed doubts, Davis has been at least partially persuasive: Richard L. Greaves, in a review of Davis's book, suggests that though a very radical fringe existed, it was probably never as organized as conservatives of the time suggested.

Nonetheless, decisions made by a province's highest court ( provincial Courts of Appeal ) are often considered as " persuasive " even though they are not binding on other provinces.

Fox also used her formidable persuasive powers on artists other than singers: she was able to bring Rudolph Nureyev to make his debut on an American opera stage at the Lyric ; Vera Zorina, Alicia Markova, Erik Bruhn and Maria Tallchief also danced at the Lyric, and George Balanchine created choreography for the Lyric.

The church holds two main services on Sundays, a teaching service in the morning at 11am, and the other ( for persuasive gospel preaching ) at 6. 30pm.

Lincoln Douglas does not require vast amounts of statistics or other empirical data ( though many claims made in a round often do demand or are strengthened by such real-world evidence ); rather, it is premised on logical analysis and argumentation developed mainly by the individual debater and his / her coach, with an emphasis on rhetorical / persuasive skills.

:" Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, ' Seleucid ' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander.

A persuasive definition of a term is favorable to one argument or unfavorable to the other argument, but is presented as if it were neutral and well-accepted, and the listener is expected to accept such a definition without question.

Unlike other common types of definitions in logic, persuasive definitions focus on the expressive use of language to affect the feelings of readers and listeners ultimately with an aim to change their behavior.

War art has been used as an instrument of propaganda, such as a nation-building function or other persuasive ends.

The only events the ADA attends are policy debates, no persuasive, or other debate forums are used.

In another sense, it is represented in the arguments of the `` true believers '' who seek to disprove the validity of all other beliefs and ideas in order to retain confidence in theirs.

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

Among other arguments, supporters hypothesize that the Act creates additional legal risks for employers who then quietly avoid hiring people with disabilities to avoid this risk.

There is a third view that sees merit in both arguments above and attempts to bridge them, and so cannot be articulated as starkly as they can ; it sees more than one Christianity and more than one attitude towards paganism at work in the poem, separated from each other by hundreds of years ; it sees the poem as originally the product of a literate Christian author with one foot in the pagan world and one in the Christian, himself a convert perhaps or one whose forbears had been pagan, a poet who was conversant in both oral and literary milieus and was capable of a masterful " repurposing " of poetry from the oral tradition ; this early Christian poet saw virtue manifest in a willingness to sacrifice oneself in a devotion to justice and in an attempt to aid and protect those in need of help and greater safety ; good pagan men had trodden that noble path and so this poet presents pagan culture with equanimity and respect ; yet overlaid upon this early Christian poet's composition are verses from a much later reformist " fire-and-brimstone " Christian poet who vilifies pagan practice as dark and sinful and who adds satanic aspects to its monsters.

On the other hand, for integer order α, the following relationship is valid ( note that the Gamma function becomes infinite for negative integer arguments ):

It is one of five arguments from the " properties, causes, and effects " of true motion and rest that support his contention that, in general, true motion and rest cannot be defined as special instances of motion or rest relative to other bodies, but instead can be defined only by reference to absolute space.

Many other philosophers have posited cosmological arguments both before and since Aquinas.

Two decades later, Churchill and other New Liberals regularly invoked Green's arguments in parliamentary debates over English legislation.

Dylan supports multiple inheritance, polymorphism, multiple dispatch, keyword arguments, object introspection, pattern-based syntax extension macros, and many other advanced features.

Author Sam Harris has argued that we overestimate the relevance of many arguments against the science of morality, arguments he believes scientists happily and rightly disregard in other domains of science like physics.

“ What ” and “ who ” questions are problematic sentences that this treatment method attempts to improve, and they are also two interrogative particles that are strongly related to each other because they reorder arguments from the declarative counterparts.

The following arguments have been based on the content: ( 1 ) It is perceived to be theologically incompatible with Paul's other epistles: elsewhere Paul attributed Jesus's death to the " rulers of this age " ( 1 Cor 2: 8 ) rather than to the Jews, and elsewhere Paul writes that the Jews have not been abandoned by God for " all Israel will be saved " ( Rom 11: 26 ); According to 1 Thes 1: 10, the wrath of God is still to come, it is not something that has already shown itself ( 2 ) There were no extensive historical persecutions of Christians by Jews in Palestine prior to the first Jewish war ( 3 ) The use of the concept of imitation in 1 Thes.

The number is called the characteristic and can take on any value, independently of the other arguments.

" Their critique of him was based principally on his not being strong enough in his criticism of Luther, not seeing the dangers of a vernacular Bible and dabbling in dangerous scriptural criticism that weakened the Church's arguments against Arianism and other doctrines.

Higher-order functions are functions that can either take other functions as arguments or return them as results.

Higher-order functions are closely related to first-class functions, in that higher-order functions and first-class functions both allow functions as arguments and results of other functions.

The distinction between the two is subtle: " higher-order " describes a mathematical concept of functions that operate on other functions, while " first-class " is a computer science term that describes programming language entities that have no restriction on their use ( thus first-class functions can appear anywhere in the program that other first-class entities like numbers can, including as arguments to other functions and as their return values ).

Falsifiability is an important concept within the creation – evolution controversy, where proponents of both sides claim that Popper developed falsifiability to denote ideas as unscientific or pseudoscientific and use it to make arguments against the views of the respective other side.

In addition, he spoke up for tolerance of the other world religions in many arguments with representatives of the predominant schools of thought ( e. g. within the " Anti-Goeze ").

There have been many other arguments against ontological proofs such as: Existence precedes essence ; Gaunilo's island ; Necessary nonexistence ; Existence is not a predicate ; and Problem of incoherence.

It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun ; however, it can also indicate various other relationships than possession: certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case, and it may have adverbial uses ( see Adverbial genitive ).