Books with parchment pages were bound with strong wooden boards and clamped tightly shut by metal ( often brass ) clasps or leather straps ; this acted to keep the pages pressed flat despite humidity changes.

The parchment leaves were folded in half and reused for a Christian liturgical text of 177 pages ; the older leaves folded so that each became two leaves of the liturgical book.

The 32 parchment folia ( 64 pages ) of the treatise expound a martial arts system of defensive and offensive techniques between a master and a pupil, referred to as sacerdos ( priest ) and scolaris ( student ), each armed with a sword and a buckler, drawn in ink and watercolour and accompanied with Latin text, interspersed with German fencing terms.

A scroll is usually divided up into pages, which are sometimes separate sheets of papyrus or parchment glued together at the edges, or may be marked: P of a continuous roll of writing material.

Long, heavy rolls of papyrus were replaced by the Romans with the first books, initially simply folded pages of parchment made from animal skins.

The manuscript was written in gold and silver ink on 127 pages of purple parchment.

The Angers Fragment is four parchment pages from c. 1200.

Several pages before this are written on a blackening parchment and have a very gloomy character, somewhat different from the rest of the codex.

The reason for the different coloring is that when parchment is exposed to light it " tans ", as parchment is made from animal skins, so over the centuries the pages that were exposed will have a darker color to them.

Purple parchment was, in the Roman and Byzantine Empires, reserved for Imperial manuscripts, and in the West reserved for the grandest commissions, and often only seen on a few pages.

Other surfaces used for early writing include wax-covered writing boards ( used, as well as clay tablets, by the Assyrians ), sheets or strips of bark from trees ( in Indonesia, Tibet and the Americas ), the thick palm-like leaves of a particular tree, the leaves then punctured with a hole and stacked together like the pages of a book ( these writings in India and South east Asia include Buddhist scriptures and Sanskrit literature ), parchment, made of goatskin that had been soaked and scraped to remove hair, which was used from at least the 2nd century BC, vellum, made from calfskin, and wax tablets which could be wiped clean to provide a fresh surface ( in Roman times ).

The shape of the parchment pages accounts for the conventional rectangular layout.

Early in the 16th century, rag-based paper replaced parchment book pages.

* Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History-Over 160, 000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.

* Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History-Over 160, 000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.

Other bound notebooks are available that use glue to hold the pages together ; this process is " padding ".

Today, it is common for pages in such notebooks to include a thin line of perforations that make it easier to tear out the page.

Hard-bound notebooks include a sewn spine, and the pages are not easily removed.

Variations of notebooks that allow pages to be added, removed, and replaced are bound by either rings, rods, or discs.

Ring-bound and rod-bound notebooks secure their contents by threading perforated pages around straight or curved prongs.

Disc-bound notebooks remove the open or closed operation by modifying the pages themselves.

The pages in lab notebooks are sometimes graph paper to plot data.

Beebe's Tetrapteryx hypothesis is now regarded as prescient for its prediction of both the anatomy and likely gliding posture of Microraptor gui, which Richard O. Prum has described as " as if it could have glided straight out of the pages of Beebe ’ s notebooks.

It is common for notebooks and legal pads to have perforations making it easier to tear out individual pages.

In 2006 the University of Minnesota purchased Bly's archive, which contained more than 80, 000 pages of handwritten manuscripts ; a journal spanning nearly 50 years ; notebooks of his " morning poems "; drafts of translations ; hundreds of audio and videotapes, and correspondence with many writers such as James Wright, Donald Hall and James Dickey.

To ensure that data cannot be easily altered, notebooks with permanently bound pages are often recommended.

) Composition books are thus more durable than spiral notebooks or those with perforated pages.

In over 4, 000 pages of notebooks, he drew detailed diagrams and wrote his observations.

He was an inveterate note-taker, making countless observations in notebooks and on blank pages of other books he bought ; he also visited Cairo twice, and made a more accurate survey of the pyramids of Egypt than any traveller who had preceded him.

The task of copying itself had several phases: the preparation of the manuscript in the form of notebooks once the work was complete, the presentation of pages, the copying itself, revision, correction of errors, decoration, and binding.

When the typed version of the 15, 000 handwritten pages of Maria Valtorta's notebooks was prepared by Father Romualdo Migliorini and Father Corrado Berti ( both Servite priests ), they sought Vatican guidance for procedural advice on presenting the alleged revelations to the proper ecclesiastical hierarchy, as the local bishop ’ s ( Fontevecchia ) vision was fading.

The symposium provides an opportunity to confront the self with specific statements which were made at particular times by identifiable communicators who were addressing definite audiences -- and throughout several hundred pages everyone is talking about the same key symbol of identification.

the yellow pages of the telephone book were amazingly thin ).

In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the “ custom of nations ” demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain.

For example, Alfonso halted his army in pious respect before the birthplace of a Latin writer, carried Livy or Caesar on his campaigns with him, and his panegyrist Panormita even stated that the king was cured of an illness when a few pages of Quintus Curtius Rufus ' history of Alexander the Great were read to him.

The comic also ran A4-sized Beano Specials in 1987 with full coloured pages, which later were replaced by Beano Superstars which ran for 121 issues from 1992-2002.

The logo was rounded and embossed ( but later flattened in February 1999 ), and there were 8 extra pages.

No new strips were added this time, but the amount of reprints went up to 5, sometimes lowering back to 4 per week, and an extra Dennis strip was added on the inside back two pages.

At the start of 2011, the Beano VIP pages were dropped from the comic, but the online features remain.

") Many of Poole's arguments were easily attended to, but both authors emphasize the importance of Cotton Mather's difficult and contradictory view on spectral evidence, as copied in the final pages of Increase Mather's " Cases of Conscience " called " The Return of Several Ministers.

Rosa had discovered too often that his stories were printed with incorrect pages of art, improper colors, poor lettering, or pixelated computer conversions of the illustrations.

After his death, Husserl's manuscripts, amounting to approximately 40, 000 pages of " Gabelsberger " stenography and his complete research library, were in 1939 smuggled to Belgium by the Franciscan priest Herman Van Breda.

Abbot's publications, though always of the most thorough and scholarly character, were to a large extent dispersed in the pages of reviews, dictionaries, concordances, texts edited by others, Unitarian controversial treatises, etc.

She also filled a large number of magazine pages, particularly the long-running Sunny Stories which were immensely popular among younger children.

Examples that were used in Paris were reported in the pages of Scientific American May 1907 and petrol-driven hearses began to be produced from 1909 in the United States.

:" I call your own kind self to witness [...] the last pages of Heart of Darkness where the interview of the man and the girl locks in — as it were — the whole 30000 words of narrative description into one suggestive view of a whole phase of life and makes of that story something quite on another plane than an anecdote of a man who went mad in the Centre of Africa.

The pages were organized for artistic effect and contrasting interest, as if the reader were taking a visual tour.

Those who were destined to become knights were singled out: in boyhood, these future warriors were sent off to a castle as pages, later becoming squires.

* Index cards with the answers to frequently asked questions, and / or drawers with folders of pamphlets and photocopies of pages that, from previous experience, were difficult to find.