The marriage of Alfonso and Urraca was declared null by the Pope, as they were second cousins, in 1110, but he ignored the papal nuncio and clung to his liaison with Urraca until 1114.

In the following year he went to Germany to be present as papal nuncio at the coronation of Emperor Charles V, and was also present at the Diet of Worms, where he headed the opposition to Martin Luther, advocating the most extreme measures to repress the doctrines of the reformer.

After the close of the Diet, the papal nuncio went to the Netherlands, where he instigated the executions of two monks of Antwerp due to their embrace of the Reformation, resulting in their being burnt in Brussels.

The head of state accredits ( i. e. formally validates ) his or her country's ambassadors, High Commissioners or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs ( such as papal nuncio ), through sending formal Letter of Credence to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts.

Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, a papal nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country.

However, the Vienna Convention allows the receiving state to grant seniority of precedence to the papal nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country, and may grant the deanship of that country's diplomatic corps to the nuncio regardless of seniority .< ref >

Before election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany ( 1917 – 1929 ), and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany.

Historian Walter Bussmann argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at the time – from condemning the Kristallnacht in November 1938, when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin.

As a deacon, Boniface had impressed Pope Gregory I, who described him as a man " of tried faith and character " and selected him to be apocrisiarius ( legate, essentially the papal nuncio ) to the court of Constantinople in 603.

During the reign of Pope Innocent X ( 1644 – 55 ), who was hostile to the Barberini and their adherents, Rospigliosi continued his appointment as papal nuncio to the court of Spain.

" In 1760, Pombal sent home the papal nuncio and recalled the Portuguese ambassador.

Under Clement VIII he himself was made protonotary and nuncio to the French court ; Paul V also employed him in a similar capacity, afterwards raising him, in 1606, to Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Montorio and appointing him the papal legate to Bologna.

The warlike tendencies of the Tartars also concerned the Pope, and he sent a papal nuncio to the Mongol Empire in an attempt to strike an agreement.

Pope Pius V ( 1566 – 1572 ) sent him as papal nuncio to Venice in 1566 to further the papal alliance with Spain and Venice against the Turks, which ultimately resulted in the victory of Lepanto in 1571.

Louis XIV retaliated by taking possession of the papal territory of Avignon, imprisoning the papal nuncio and appealing to a general council.

From 1697 to 1710 he acted as papal nuncio to the Kingdom of Portugal, where he is believed to have formed those unfavourable impressions of the Jesuits which afterwards influenced his conduct towards them.

The bulls were easily acquired because the papal nuncio was under orders from Rome to please the English in an effort to avert a final breach.

A further papal bull of 15 June 1520, Exsurge Domine or Arise, O Lord, condemned forty-one propositions extracted from Luther's teachings, and was taken to Germany by Eck in his capacity as apostolic nuncio.

The pope had repeatedly used the rich northern benefices to reward members of the Roman curia, and towards the close of the year 1516 he sent the impolitic Arcimboldi as papal nuncio to Denmark to collect money for St Peter's.

King Christian II took advantage of the growing dissatisfaction of the native clergy toward the papal government, and of Arcimboldi's interference in the Swedish revolt, to expel the nuncio and summon Lutheran theologians to Copenhagen in 1520.

* November 20 – Karl von Miltitz, papal nuncio ( b. c. 1490 )

Pontifex Maximus, similar in meaning to Summus Pontifex, is a title commonly found in inscriptions on papal buildings, paintings, statues and coins, usually abbreviated as " Pont.

* As the plural name Papal States indicates, the various regional components, usually former independent states, retained their identity under papal rule.

The papal letter may also mean that the traditional date of consecration for Honorius may need re-dating, as the long gap between 627, when he is said to have been consecrated, and 634, when he finally received a pallium, is much longer than usually found.

After the use of Latin as an everyday language died out even among scholars, the Holy See has for some centuries usually drafted papal documents and the like in a modern language, but the authoritative text — the one published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis — generally appears in Latin, even if this text becomes available only later.

A papal nuncio ( officially known as an Apostolic nuncio ) is a permanent diplomatic representative ( head of diplomatic mission ) of the Holy See to a state or international organization ( e. g., the Arab League ), having the rank of an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, usually with the ecclesiastical rank of titular archbishop.

Use of a namesake's name in a leadership position may indicate certain things, usually referring to certain traits of the namesake, such as in the use of papal regnal names.

Tourists can visit the papal apartments usually in the morning.

He is usually regarded is the main initiator of the university in Uppsala, which was founded after having received papal approval in the form of a bull of Sixtus IV dated February 27, 1477.

Otto made a gift of Imperial rights in Spoleto to the Papal States in 1201, and soon afterward ( 1213 ), the duchy was brought under direct papal rule with a governor, usually a cardinal, though it remained a pawn in the struggles of Frederick II until the extinction of the Hohenstaufen.

Prior to the Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici Gregis — promulgated on February 22, 1996 that changed the rules governing papal conclaves — participants were forced to sleep in the Apostolic Palace on rented cots, usually borrowed from seminaries in Rome.

While the Grand masters and their fighting knights were usually professed nobles, the orders included clergy and were as a whole recognized as a truly " militant " form of devotion with papal recognition just as a normal monastic order.

The modern papal inauguration, developed from the form used for John Paul I, takes place during Mass ( usually in the piazza outside Saint Peter's Basilica ) and involves the formal bestowal of the pallium, the symbol of the pope's universal jurisdiction, on the newly elected pope by the senior Cardinal Deacon.

The new papal name is usually given in the genitive case in Latin, corresponding to the translation " who takes the name of ..." ( e. g., Ioannis vicesimi tertii, Ioannis Pauli primi etc.

So they then also elected Protestants as bishops, whom usually were denied papal confirmation.

Later, when Protestants were usually denied papal confirmation, the emperors nevertheless invested the unconfirmed candidates as princes-by a so-called liege indult ()-due to political coalitions and conflicts within the empire, in order to gain candidates as imperial partisans.

Their seclusion for that period in the papal library has given celebrity to many names that would have been known only in the verification of the discoveries of Eustachius.

The name Deusdedit means " God has given ", and was the name of a recent pope, Deusdedit, in office from 615 to 618 ; it was the practice of many of the early medieval Saxon bishops to take an adopted name, often from recent papal names.

In most cases, even if such considerations are absent, popes tend to choose new papal names ; the last pope to reign under his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II ( 1555 ).

Membership in the papal choir became the great desideratum of singers, contrapuntists, and composers of every land, which accounts for the presence in Rome, at least for a time, of most of the great names of that period.

The names on this list are, or were, members of the Knights Hospitaller as established by papal bull, or members of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.