The ' far-away light ' () is a reference to St Elmo's Fire, an electrical discharge supposed by ancient Greek mariners to be an epiphany of the Dioscuri, but the meaning of the line was obscured by gaps in the papyrus until reconstructed by a modern scholar — such reconstructions are typical of the extant poetry ( see Scholars, fragments and sources below ).

The papyrus ends abruptly in the middle of a line, without any inclusion of an author.

She was depicted as the crown of Egypt, entwined around the staff of papyrus and the pole that indicated the status of all other deities, as well as having the all-seeing eye of wisdom and vengeance.

She is shown for instance offering to a cow ( Hathor ) in a papyrus thicket, offering before Khnum, Satis and Anuket, the triad of Elephantine, and offering to Mut and Hathor.

She is mentioned in the partly fragmented Harris papyrus to be Ramesses III's wife.

She was buried at Bab el-Gasus, her coffins and papyrus are now in Cairo.

Skeat “… in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices " and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then “… must have spread rapidly to the Near East …” In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat ’ s notion when stating “… its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory ” and that “ early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt .” Early codices of parchment or papyrus appear to have been widely used as personal notebooks, for instance in recording copies of letters sent ( Cicero Fam.

In ancient times Egypt also had strong trading with Punt. They traded cloth grain copper papyrus and gems for items like myrrh, ebony, ivory, and wild animals.

( The Library of Alexandria in fact had an indirect cause in the creation of writing parchment — due to the library's critical need for papyrus, little was exported and thus an alternate source of copy material became essential.

Parchment, or vellum as the best type of parchment is known had also replaced papyrus, which was not nearly so long lived and has survived to the present only in the extremely dry conditions of Egypt, although it was widely used across the Roman world.

The modern lowercase shape goes back to the uncial form x14px, a form that developed during the 3rd century BC in ancient handwriting on papyrus, from a flattened-out form of the letter ( x16px ) that had its edges curved even further upwards.

Although its uses had transferred to parchment, papyrus therefore just overlapped with the use of paper in Europe, which began in the 11th century.

Scottish explorer James Bruce experimented in the late 18th century with papyrus plants from the Sudan, for papyrus had become extinct in Egypt.

Also in the 18th century, Sicilian Saverio Landolina manufactured papyrus at Syracuse, where papyrus plants had continued to grow in the wild.

The modern technique of papyrus production used in Egypt for the tourist trade was developed in 1962 by the Egyptian engineer Hassan Ragab using plants that had been reintroduced into Egypt in 1872 from France.

The Egyptians had implements and methods for fishing and these are illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents.

An Oxyrhynchus papyrus from around AD 200 and the Suda agree that Sappho had a mother called Cleïs and a daughter by the same name.

The Egyptians had implements and methods for fishing and these are illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents.

According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Xerxes's first attempt to bridge the Hellespont ended in failure when a storm destroyed the flax and papyrus cables of the bridges ; Xerxes ordered the Hellespont ( the strait itself ) whipped three hundred times and had fetters thrown into the water.

He also had a connection with writing and was often shown in anthropomorphic form holding a papyrus scroll.

In 1874 he edited the celebrated medical papyrus ( Papyrus Ebers ) which he had discovered in Thebes ( translation by H. Joachim, 1890 ).

This was done because while papyrus was expensive and had to be imported from Egypt, broken pottery was abundant and virtually free.

Velikovsky searched for common mention of events within literary records, and in the Ipuwer papyrus he believed he had found a contemporary Egyptian account of the Plagues of Egypt.

Egypt innovated the use of papyrus and the calame, added legalistic formalism to document preparation, and had specialized notary-scribes, called sesh n pero " pharaoh's scribe " or sesh n po " scribe of the nome "— agoranomos in Ptolemaic times — who gave authenticity to instruments without the need for witnesses.

Since it is claimed these vessels were exposed to the elements, it is possible that any papyrus or parchment inside had completely rotted away, perhaps leaving a trace of slightly acidic organic residue.

Egypt was a civilization with very strong traditions of architecture and sculpture ( both originally painted in bright colours ) also had many mural paintings in temples and buildings, and painted illustrations on papyrus manuscripts.

The introduction of paper from China ( see Battle of Talas ) in 751, which had not yet been used in the West – the Arabs and Persians used papyrus, and the Europeans used vellum – had a profound effect.

Sophocles wrote an Inachos, probably a satyr play, which survives only in some papyrus fragments found at Oxyrhyncus and Tebtunis, Egypt ; in it Inachos is reduced from magnificence to misery through the unrequited love of Zeus for his daughter Io ; Hermes wears the cap of darkness, rendering him invisible, but plays the aulos, to the mystification of the satyrs ; Argos and Iris, as a messenger of Hera both appear, a " stranger " turns Io into a heifer at the touch of a hand, and at the end, apparently, the satyrs are freed from their bondage, to become shepherds of Inachos.

A possible third wife is Tentnabekhenu, who is mentioned on the funerary papyrus of her daughter Nauny.

The papyrus was in the possession of Smith until his death, when his daughter donated the papyrus to New York Historical Society.

The partial text on the papyrus states: [...] small bag, the king's wife Maathorneferure ( may she live ) ( the daughter of ) the great ruler of Khatti, [...] Dayt garment of 28 cubits, 4 palms, breadth 4 cubits, of 14 cubits, 2 palms, breath 4 cubits-2 items [...] palms, breath 4 cubits.

Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra ( after the Egyptian Sun god ), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco.

Twelve leather-bound papyrus codices buried in a sealed jar were found by a local peasant named Mohammed Ali Samman.

* In Luxor, Egypt, the Rhind papyrus is found ( named for Alexander Henry Rhind, the discoverer ); it is sometimes called the Ahmes papyrus for the scribe who wrote it around 1650 BC.

A leather-bound Coptic language papyrus document that surfaced during the 1970s, near Beni Masar, Egypt, was named the Codex Tchacos after an antiquities dealer, Frieda Nussberger-Tchacos, who became concerned about the deteriorating condition of the manuscript.

Secondly, none of the High Priest Shoshenq C's own children — the priest Osorkon whose funerary papyrus, P. Denon C, is located in the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg or a second priest named Harsiese ( likely king Harsiese A ) who dedicated a Bes statue in memory of his father, now in Durham Museum — give royal titles to their father on their own funerary objects.

Papyrus scrolls comprised the collection, and although codices were used after 300 BC, the Alexandrian Library is never documented as having switched to parchment, perhaps because of its strong links to the papyrus trade.

Because parchment, prepared from animal hides, is far more durable than paper or papyrus, most palimpsests known to modern scholars are parchment, which rose in popularity in western Europe after the 6th century.

When the Ptolemies stopped exporting papyrus, partly because of competition and shortages, the Pergamenes invented a new substance to use in codices, called pergaminus or pergamena ( parchment ) after the city.

Original papal bulls exist in quantity only after the eleventh century onward when the transition from fragile papyrus to the more durable parchment was made.

The chapters are called scrolls, after the rolls of papyrus which were Roman ' books ', and are numbered with Roman numerals.

Believed to have been thrown away by scribes after being transferred to papyrus, the letters comprise a priceless cache of incoming clay message tablets sent from imperial outposts and foreign allies.

The fragment was originally discovered in Al-Fayyum, Egypt, and was translated in 1885 by Gustav Bickell after it was found in the papyrus collection of Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria in Vienna.

Furthermore, Lepsius never made the text of the Westcar Papyrus public ; he stored the papyrus at home in the attic, where it was found later after his death.

Furthermore, Lepper argues that the papyrus leaves a lot of free space after the ending, enough for a further short story.

* The scene where the papyrus bearing instructions self-destructs after being read is a reference to Mission: Impossible where messages destroyed themselves after being received.

There is a distinct trace of a 10, 20 or 30, followed by a stroke after which the papyrus breaks off.

ISBN 0-500-05139-9 </ ref > but the papyrus plan almost certainly had a deeper ritual meaning, and may have been used to consecrate the tomb after it was built.