) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.

This also depends on the membrane permeability coefficient K < sub > 0 </ sub > for the solute in question.

So dialyzer efficiency is usually expressed as the K < sub > 0 </ sub > A-the product of permeability coefficient and area.

where is an attenuation coefficient that depends on the thickness of the diamagnetic material and the magnetic permeability of the material:

Such performance characteristics include permeability, compressive strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion.

Flavonoids were referred to as Vitamin P ( probably due to the effect they had on the permeability of vascular capillaries ) from the mid-1930s to early 50s, but the term has since fallen out of use.

P < sub > i </ sub > stands for the relative permeability of the ion type i.

* P < sub > X </ sub > is the relative permeability of ion X in arbitrary units ( e. g. siemens for electrical conductance )

* P < sub > tot </ sub > is the total permeability of all permeant ions, in this case P < sub > K < sup >+</ sup ></ sub > + P < sub > Na < sup >+</ sup ></ sub > + P < sub > Cl < sup >-</ sup ></ sub >

* E < sub > m </ sub > is the membrane potential, measured in volts * R, T, and F are as above * P < sub > X </ sub > is the relative permeability of ion X in arbitrary units ( e. g. siemens for electrical conductance ) *< sub > Y </ sub > is the concentration of ion X in compartment Y as above.

where P < sub > tot </ sub > is the combined permeability of all ionic species, again in arbitrary units.

Some P system variants allow for a membrane to divide, possess a charge or have varying permeability by changing membrane thickness.

A study into this aspect concluded: " The results indicate that eurycomanone is poorly bioavailable when given orally … the absolute bioavailability of the compound was low with 10. 5 %… its poor oral bioavailability may be due to poor membrane permeability in view of its low P value and / or high first-pass metabolism.

and P < sub > A </ sub > is the ionic permeability, defined here as

The correlation between the in vitro apparent permeability ( P ¬ app ) across Caco-2 monolayers and the in vivo fraction absorbed ( fa ) is well established. Transwell diagram

Proton exchange membranes are primarily characterized by proton conductivity ( σ ), methanol permeability ( P ), and thermal stability.

; Electromagnetics: An isotropic medium is one such that the permittivity, ε, and permeability, μ, of the medium are uniform in all directions of the medium, the most simple instance being free space.

For example, the magnetic flux linking these turns can be increased by coiling the conductor around a material with a high permeability such as iron.

Other high permeability nickel-iron alloys such as permalloy have similar magnetic properties ; mu-metal's advantage is that it is more ductile and workable, allowing it to be easily formed into the thin sheets needed for magnetic shields.

The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils.

In telecommunication, ground constants are the electrical parameters of earth, such as conductivity, permittivity, and magnetic permeability.

The texture is a small-scale property of a rock, but determined many of its large-scale properties, such as the density, porosity or permeability.

Capillary permeability can be increased by the release of certain cytokines, anaphylatoxins, or other mediators ( such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, etc.

Alternative treatments under investigation include the inhibition of zonulin, an endogenous signalling protein linked to increased permeability of the bowel wall and hence increased presentation of gliadin to the immune system, and other modifiers of other well-understood steps in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease, such as the action of HLA-DQ2 or tissue transglutaminase and the MICA / NKG2D interaction that may be involved in the killing of enterocytes.

They have high gas permeability: at room temperature ( 25 ° C ), the permeability of silicone rubber for such gases as oxygen is approximately 400 times that of butyl rubber, making silicone useful for medical applications in which increased aeration is desired.

The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity.

AC susceptibility ( and the closely related " AC permeability ") are complex quantities, and various phenomena ( such as resonances ) can be seen in AC susceptibility that cannot in constant-field ( DC ) susceptibility.

These are selected for their magnetic properties, such as magnetic saturation, hysteresis and permeability.

* Mitochondrial permeability transition, a loss of impermeability of the membranes of mitochondria that occurs under some pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury

Activation of these systems leads to many of the clinical symptoms that patients experiencing DIC exhibit, such as shock, hypotension, and increased vascular permeability.

The intensity of the signal measured by in vivo imaging may depend on various factors, such as D-luciferin absorption through the peritoneum, blood flow, cell membrane permeability, availability of co-factors, intracellular pH and transparency of overlying tissue, in addition to the amount of luciferase.

* Mitochondrial permeability transition, a loss of impermeability of the membranes of mitochondria that occurs under some pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury

These protein kinases have been linked to growth in dendritic spine volume and LTP processes such as the addition of AMPA receptors to the plasma membrane and phosphorylation of ion channels for enhanced permeability.

These chemicals cause many of the symptoms we associate with allergy, such as airway constriction in asthma, local inflammation in eczema, increased mucus secretion in allergic rhinitis, and increased vascular permeability, it is presumed, to allow other immune cells to gain access to tissues, but which can lead to a potentially fatal drop in blood pressure as in anaphylaxis.

Random fields are of great use in studying natural processes by the Monte Carlo method, in which the random fields correspond to naturally spatially varying properties, such as soil permeability over the scale of meters, or concrete strength on the scale of centimeters.

The difference in the productivity of groundwater in various flows arises as a result of their inherent physical properties such as porosity and permeability.

By increasing permeability of the bacterial membrane system, polymyxin is also used in clinical work to increase release of secreted toxins, such as Shiga toxin from Escherichia coli.

For instance, small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely, while larger proteins, such as hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all.

The permeability of the Gauntlet is directly linked to how technological the area surrounding it is-in the wilderness it is loosely woven, and easier to traverse, whereas in a city, the weave is much finer, and it becomes increasingly difficult to cross, becoming almost impossible in areas of high technology ( such as a science lab, or an automated production line ).

Due to the relatively high water permeability of some epithelial cells it was long suspected that some additional mechanism for water transport across membranes must exist.

Although the mode of action is not exactly known at present, there is experimental evidence that praziquantel increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells towards calcium ions.

Another damaging result of excess calcium in the cytosol is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a pore in the membranes of mitochondria that opens when the organelles absorb too much calcium.

The characean algae have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials.

Aside from respiratory organs, they appear in other biological roles including filter feeding, the traction surfaces of geckos, and chloroplast membranes where high permeability is important.

In laboratory research, ionophores are used to increase the permeability of biological membranes to certain ions.