In a volume entitled Taine, historien de la Révolution française ( 1908 ), Aulard attacked the method of the eminent philosopher in criticism that was severe, perhaps unjust, but certainly well-informed.

Taine seems to have drawn heavily on the philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder's ideas of volk ( people ) and nation in his own concept of race ; the Spanish writer Emilia Pardo Bazán has suggested that a crucial predecessor to Taine's idea was the work of Germaine de Staël on the relationship between art and society.

Taine shared a correspondence with the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who later referred to him in Beyond Good and Evil as " the greatest living historian ".

* 1828 – Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Russian philosopher ( d. 1889 )

The German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause ( 1781 – 1832 ) seeking to reconcile monotheism and pantheism, coined the term panentheism (" all in God ") in 1828.

* Leo ( Lev ) Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( 1828 – 1910 ), writer and philosopher

* Anthimos Gazis, Greek scholar and philosopher ( d. 1828 )

* Dugald Stewart ( 1753 – 1828 ) moral philosopher

Dugald Stewart ( November 22, 1753 – June 11, 1828 ) was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and mathematician.

Friedrich Ludewig Bouterwek ( 15 April 1766 – 9 August 1828 ), German philosopher and critic, was born to a mining director at Oker, today a district of Goslar in Lower Saxony, and studied law and philology under Christian Gottlob Heyne and Johann Georg Heinrich Feder at the University of Göttingen.

Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky () ( July 12, 1828 – October 17, 1889 ) was a Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist ( seen by some as a utopian socialist ).

* William Drummond of Logiealmond ( born ca. 1770 – 1828 ), Scottish classical scholar, philosopher, diplomat, and MP in Scotland and England

In the sixteenth century, the Spanish adopted the copulative conjunction y (“ and ”) to distinguish a person ’ s surnames ; thus the Andalusian Baroque writer Luis de Góngora y Argote ( 1561 – 1627 ), the Aragonese painter Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes ( 1746 – 1828 ), the Andalusian artist Pablo Diego Ruiz y Picasso ( 1881 – 1973 ), and the Madrilenian liberal philosopher José Ortega y Gasset ( 1883 – 1955 ).

Other university professors included such giants of the science world as the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( 1806 – 07 ), the biologist Karl Ernst von Baer ( 1817 – 34 ), the mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi ( 1829 – 42 ), the mineralogist Franz Ernst Neumann ( 1828 – 76 ) and the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz ( 1849 – 55 ).

Roberto Felice Ardigò ( 28 January 1828 – 15 September 1920 ) was an Italian philosopher.

* Friedrich Albert Lange ( 1828 – 1875 ), German philosopher

Boris Nikolayevich Chicherin () ( May 26, 1828 – February 3, 1904 ) was a Russian jurist and political philosopher, who worked out a theory that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government to persevere with liberal reforms.

Aristotle (, Aristotélēs ) ( 384 BC – 322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

* John Austin ( legal philosopher ) ( 1790 – 1859 ), English jurist

* J. L. Austin ( 1911 – 1960 ), British philosopher

Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski () ( July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950 ) was a Polish-American philosopher and scientist.

The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ).

Albert Camus (; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 ) was an algerian born author, journalist, and philosopher.

* 1613 – Stjepan Gradić, Croatian philosopher and scientist ( d. 1683 )

* 1773 – James Mill, Scottish philosopher and historian ( d. 1836 )

* 1930 – Félix Guattari, French philosopher and theorist ( d. 1992 )

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

* 1638 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher ( d. 1715 )

Albert Schweitzer, OM ( 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965 ) was a German and then French theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary.

* 1803 – Vladimir Odoevsky, Russian philosopher and writer ( d. 1869 )

After 1890 came philosopher Josiah Royce ( 1855 – 1916 ), botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey ( 1858 – 1954 ), the Southern Agrarians of the 1920s and 1930s, novelist John Steinbeck ( 1902 – 1968 ), historian A. Whitney Griswold ( 1906 – 1963 ), environmentalist Aldo Leopold ( 1887 – 1948 ), Ralph Borsodi ( 1886 – 1977 ), and present-day authors Wendell Berry ( b. 1934 ), Gene Logsdon ( b. 1932 ), Paul Thompson, and Allan C. Carlson ( b. 1949 ).

* 1780 – Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher ( b. 1715 )

* 1694 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher ( d. 1746 )

Amos Bronson Alcott ( November 29, 1799 – March 4, 1888 ) was an American teacher, writer, philosopher, and reformer.

* 1872 – Sri Aurobindo, Indian writer and philosopher ( d. 1950 )

* 1686 – John Balguy, English philosopher ( d. 1748 )

Under the influence of this doctrine, and of Phenomenology, the Hungarian-born German sociologist Karl Mannheim ( 1893 – 1947 ) gave impetus to the growth of the sociology of knowledge with his Ideologie und Utopie ( 1929, translated and extended in 1936 as Ideology and Utopia ), although the term had been introduced five years earlier by the co-founder of the movement, the German philosopher, phenomenologist and social theorist Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ), in Versuche zu einer Soziologie des Wissens ( 1924, Attempts at a Sociology of Knowledge ).

* John Anderson ( philosopher ) ( 1893 – 1962 ), Australian philosopher

* December 4-Karl Ludwig Michelet, German philosopher ( died 1893 )

Karl Ludwig Michelet ( December 4, 1801 – December 15, 1893 ), German philosopher, was born at Berlin.

* Esther Cleveland ( 1893 – 1980 ) – Her daughter was Philippa Foot ( 1920 – 2010 ), the British philosopher.

* Karl Ludwig Michelet ( 1801 – 1893 ), philosopher

Swami Prabhavananda ( December 26, 1893 – July 4, 1976 ) was an Indian philosopher, monk of the Ramakrishna Order, and religious teacher.

* Tommaso Maria Zigliara ( 1833 – 1893 ), Roman Catholic cardinal, theologian, and philosopher.

Tommaso Maria Zigliara ( baptismal name: Francesco ) ( end of October, 1833 – 11 May 1893 ) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, theologian, and philosopher.

Roman Witold Ingarden ( February 5, 1893 – June 14, 1970 ) was a Polish philosopher who worked in phenomenology, ontology and aesthetics.

* Raymond Thomas Kelly ( Quaker mystic ) ( 1893 – 1941 ), American Quaker educator, philosopher and author

Jakob Frohschammer ( 6 January 1821-14 June 1893 ) was a German theologian and philosopher.