59-60 on borrowings of the philosophers from Moses, particularly Plato.

Theologian Paul Blackham notes that Justin considered Moses to be " more trustworthy, profound and truthful because he is older than the Greek philosophers.

The origins of what has come to be known as Occam's razor are traceable to the works of earlier philosophers such as John Duns Scotus ( 1265 – 1308 ), Maimonides ( Moses ben-Maimon, 1138 – 1204 ), and even Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ) ( Charlesworth 1956 ).

Moses Maimonides, Samuel Ben Tibbon, Juda Ben Solomon Choen, and Shem Tob Ben Joseph Falaquera were Jewish philosophers influenced by Averroes.

Bach's interest in all types of art led to influence from poets, playwrights and philosophers such as Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Moses Mendelssohn and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.

Usury ( in the original sense of any interest ) was at times denounced by a number of religious leaders and philosophers in the ancient world, including Plato, Aristotle, Cato, Cicero, Seneca, Aquinas, Muhammad, Moses, Philo and Gautama Buddha.

) You can adapt a piece of pre-Christian Jewish apologetic, which claimed that Plato and other Greek philosophers got their best ideas indirectly from the teachings of Moses in the Bible, which was much earlier.

" He uses this chronology to prove that Moses and the other Hebrew prophets preceded the philosophers.

* Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 ), one of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment era, recognised as the world's first dramaturg, Germany's first dramatist and comedy playwright, champion for religious tolerance, friend of Moses Mendelssohn, critic for the Vossische Zeitung, translator and Shakespearean scholar.

Moses was familiar with the philosophers of the Middle Ages and with the whole literature of mysticism, including the Treatise on the Left Emanation of R. Isaac b. Jacob Ha-Kohen, and knew and used the writings of Solomon ibn Gabirol, Yehuda ha-Levi, Maimonides, and others.

Noah, Abraham / Ibraheem, Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad are the ' Uluw al ' azam ( the most persevering of the Prophets ) are the best examples for humanity in the perfect ( taqweem ) form, they are higher examples for humanity in contrast with the animals and low levels that philosophers / psychologists have put forward for mankind.

That ... the prisoner had repeatedly maintained, in conversation, that theology was a rhapsody of ill-invented nonsense, patched up partly of the moral doctrines of philosophers, and partly of poetical fictions and extravagant chimeras: That he ridiculed the holy scriptures, calling the Old Testament Ezra's fables, in profane allusion to Esop's Fables ; That he railed on Christ, saying, he had learned magick in Egypt, which enabled him to perform those pranks which were called miracles: That he called the New Testament the history of the imposter Christ ; That he said Moses was the better artist and the better politician ; and he preferred Muhammad to Christ: That the Holy Scriptures were stuffed with such madness, nonsense, and contradictions, that he admired the stupidity of the world in being so long deluded by them: That he rejected the mystery of the Trinity as unworthy of refutation ; and scoffed at the incarnation of Christ.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

In Jacobs ' and Broyde's view, they were attracted by its glorification of man, its doctrine of immortality, and its ethical principles, which they saw as more in keeping with the spirit of Talmudic Judaism than are those taught by the philosophers, and which was held in contrast to the view of Maimonides and his followers, who regarded man as a fragment of the universe whose immortality is dependent upon the degree of development of his active intellect.

Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

Although the dominant strain in Judaism is that God is personal, there is an " alternate stream of tradition exemplified by ... Maimonides ," who, along with several other Jewish philosophers, rejected the idea of a personal God, a reflecting of his belief in negative theology, the idea that God can only be described by what God is not.

As in his preceding works, he vehemently attacks the Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle, and frequently criticizes Maimonides ' Biblical interpretations.

Overshadowed by Maimonides, ibn Daud's Emunah Ramah, a work to which Maimonides was indebted, received little notice from later philosophers.

Contemporary Jewish rationalism often draws on ideas associated with medieval philosophers such as Maimonides and modern Jewish rationalists such as Hermann Cohen.

In Jewish philosophy and in Jewish mysticism Divine Simplicity is addressed via discussion of the attributes ( תארים ) of God, particularly by Jewish philosophers within the Muslim sphere of influence such as Saadia Gaon, Bahya ibn Paquda, Yehuda Halevi, and Maimonides, as well by Raabad III in Provence.

Taking his bearings from his study of Maimonides and Al Farabi, and pointing further back to Plato's discussion of writing as contained in the Phaedrus, Strauss proposed that the classical and medieval art of exoteric writing is the proper medium for philosophic learning: rather than displaying philosophers ' thoughts superficially, classical and medieval philosophical texts guide their readers in thinking and learning independently of imparted knowledge.

Medieval, rationalist Jewish philosophers ( exponents of " Hakirah "- rational " investigation " from first principles in support of Judaism ), such as Maimonides, describe Biblical Monotheism to mean that there is only one God, and His essence is a unique, simple, infinite Unity.

Key Jewish philosophers included Samuel Ibn Tibbon, Maimonides, and Gersonides, among many others.

But having been completely overshadowed by Maimonides ' classical work, the Moreh Nebukim, Abraham ibn Daud's Emunah Ramah (" Sublime Faith "), a work to which Maimonides himself was indebted for many valuable suggestions, received scant notice from later philosophers.

The Jewish philosophers of the Middle Ages, such as Maimonides, reconciled Judaism with Greek philosophy.

For Maimonides, and other philosophers in the neo-Aristotelian mold, it is idolatry to believe that God has positive attributes.

This was the program of Jewish rationalist philosophers such as Saadia Gaon, Maimonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Sina aka Avicenna ), and Gersonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Roshd, aka Averroes ).

Many philosophers and theologians have rejected this conception of god while affirming belief in another conception of god, including St. Augustine, Maimonides, St. Thomas Aquinas, Baruch Spinoza, and Søren Kierkegaard.

Since many of the philosophical concepts, such as his view of theodicy and the relationship between philosophy and religion, are relevant beyond strictly Jewish theology, it has been the work most commonly associated with Maimonides in the non-Jewish world and it is known to have influenced several major non-Jewish philosophers.

These ideas were discussed by the Jewish philosophers Judah ben Samuel Halevi and Maimonides, through which they became an influence on the seventeenth century French Millenarian Isaac La Peyrère.

Whereas Jewish philosophers often debate whether God is immanent or transcendent, and whether people have free will or their lives are determined, Halakha is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world.

His reading ranges from Arabian philosophers and naturalists to Aristotle, Eusebius, Cicero, Seneca, Julius Caesar ( whom he calls Julius Celsus ), and even the Jew, Peter Alphonso.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

The last of the Presocratic natural philosophers was Diogenes of Apollonia from Thrace ( born c. 460 BCE ).

Among the important Iranian poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets Sa ' di and Hafiz, the mystic Roozbehan, and the philosopher Mulla Sadra.

* List of philosophers born in the nineteenth century

Panagiotis Kondylis, one of the most prominent modern Greek thinkers and philosophers, was born and raised in Olympia.

* List of philosophers born in the centuries BC

* List of philosophers born in the eighteenth century

* List of philosophers born in the eleventh through fourteenth centuries

* List of philosophers born in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

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One of the most scholarly philosophers and theologians of the time, Arethas of Caesarea was born at Patrae, at around 860.

Unlike the other famed philosophers of the time, Han Fei was a member of the ruling aristocracy, having been born into the ruling family of the state of Han during the end phase of the Warring States Period.

Stewart Ross Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, ( born 25 February 1941 ) is a British academic and public servant and one of the UK's most distinguished philosophers of religion.

* List of philosophers born in the centuries BC

* List of philosophers born in the first through tenth centuries

* List of philosophers born in the eleventh through fourteenth centuries

* List of philosophers born in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries