To his Harvard colleague, Josiah Royce, whose philosophic position differed radically from his own, James could write, `` Different as our minds are, yours has nourished mine, as no other social influence ever has, and in converse with you I have always felt that my life was being lived importantly ''.

Whilst critical theorists usually are defined as Marxist intellectuals, their tendency to denounce Marxist concepts, and to synthesise Marxian analysis with other sociologic and philosophic traditions has been attacked as revisionism, by Classical, Orthodox, and Analytical Marxists, and by Marxist-Leninist philosophers.

The philosophic solution that Lenin ( and Engels ) proposed was " dialectical materialism ", wherein matter is defined as " objective reality ", theoretically consistent with ( new ) developments occurred in the sciences.

In studying such transformations it is always necessary to distinguish between the material transformation of the economic conditions of production, which can be determined with the precision of natural science, and the legal, political, religious, artistic or philosophic — in short, ideological forms in which men become conscious of this conflict and fight it out.

He accordingly interprets the Bible and the Haggadah in a truly Maimonistic spirit, rationalizing the miracles and investing every possible passage in the ancient literature with philosophic and allegoric significance.

Scientific investigation he insists upon as an absolute necessity for the true comprehension of religion, despite the fact that his contemporaries regarded all the hours which he was accustomed to spend with his father-in-law, Samuel ibn Tibbon, in mathematical and philosophic study as mere waste of time.

Graetz even goes to the length of regarding Anatoli as identical with the Jew Andreas, who, according to Roger Bacon, assisted Michael Scot in his philosophic translations from the Arabic, seeing that Andreas might be a corruption of Anatoli.

In his Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, John Adams praised Machiavelli, with Algernon Sidney and Montesquieu, as a philosophic defender of mixed government.

Some philosophic and psychological teachings within Buddhism share commonalities with modern Western scientific and philosophic thought.

Ibn Rushd began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail (" Aben Tofail " to the West ), the author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and philosophic vizier of Almohad king Abu Yaqub Yusuf who was an amateur of philosophy and science.

Therefore, as above, it accepts philosophic speculation and statements of dogma only to the extent that they exist within, and are compatible with, the system of written and oral Torah.

The earliest Greek thinker with whom metempsychosis is connected is Pherecydes of Syros ; but Pythagoras, who is said to have been his pupil, is its first famous philosophic exponent.

In the early 20th century, in the field of international relations, the Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci developed the theory of cultural domination ( an analysis of economic class ) to include social class ; hence, the philosophic and sociologic theory of cultural hegemony analysed the social norms that established the social structures ( social and economic classes ) with which the ruling class establish and exert cultural dominance to impose their Weltanschauung ( world view ) — justifying the social, political, and economic status quo — as natural, inevitable, and beneficial to every social class, rather than as artificial social constructs beneficial solely to the ruling class.

Bossuet, accordingly, made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes, and in this way, his book deserves its place as one of the very first of philosophic histories.

This set in motion the eventual fascination of the military organisations with application of quantitative and qualitative research to their theories of combat ; the attempt to translate military thinking as philosophic concepts into concrete methods of combat.

The philosophic prose of that good emperor was in no way compatible with either Teuffel's view of unnatural language or Cruttwell's depiction of a decline.

The sash falls and circumcises him ; his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression.

They have many conversations in a hut in a forest clearing, where Fiedler seeks conclusive proof against Mundt and engages in ideological and philosophic discussions with the pragmatic Leamas.

Her position denying a national right of self-determination under socialism provoked philosophic tension with Vladimir Lenin.

Then, in 1968, Rand publicly broke with Branden and published an article denouncing him and accusing him of a variety of perceived offenses, such as philosophic irrationality and unresolved psychological problems.

In the context of these troubles, and Rand ’ s reported frustrations in her own marriage, Branden and Rand — who had a passionate philosophic bond — developed amorous feelings for each other, and, with the reluctant permission of their spouses, began a love affair in 1954.

He sat at first on the Extreme Left ; but his philosophic and critical temperament was not in harmony with the recklessness of French radicalism, and his attitude towards political questions underwent a steady modification, till the close of his life saw him the foremost representative of moderate republicanism.

He quickly became known around the school because of his aptitude and interest in the sciences combined with his obsession over the " new philosophic principles " and dislike for conventional theology.

He laid out for them the philosophic foundations of societies without being idealistic about any of them.

Against the conventionalism that the distinction between nature and custom could engender, Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, posited the existence of natural justice or natural right ( dikaion physikon, δικαιον φυσικον, Latin ius naturale ).

Subsequent philosophic tradition was so influenced by Socrates as presented by Plato that it is conventional to refer to ancient Greek philosophy prior to Socrates as pre-Socratic philosophy.

The philosophic movements that were to dominate the intellectual life of the Roman empire were thus born in this febrile period following Socrates ' activity and either directly or indirectly influenced by him.

In addition, the story Socrates narrates was told to Socrates by Diotima, creating one more layer between the reader and the philosophic path that Socrates traces.

" He is here in accord with philosophic and theoretical traditions from the time of the Ancient Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle ( 428 BC ) through to modern epistemology, semiotics and logic of Peirce, Frege and Russell.

The Life of the Mind: the philosophic pioneer, Socrates ( ca. 469 – 399 B. C.

Socrates is considered an authoritative voice in the philosophic community so Kierkegaard begins with his ideas.

Abay's major work is The Book of Words (), a philosophic treatise and collection of poems where he encourages his fellow Kazakhs to embrace education, literacy, and good moral character in order to escape poverty, enslavement and corruption.

Nietzsche achieves all of this through the character of Zarathustra ( referring to the traditional prophet of Zoroastrianism ), who makes speeches on philosophic topics as he moves along a loose plotline marking his development and the reception of his ideas.

Pratchett explores this questioning of identity through Tiffany's need to " find a way to come into her own power as a witch .” The book “ reveals philosophic truths about life and identity .” The Washington Post agreed that Tiffany's development was central to the theme of the novel, describing Tiffany as the only three dimensional character: " all characters except Tiffany are two dimensional.

You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community.

The mystification of metaphysical systems does not imply the demise of philosophy, only the close of a philosophic age which demanded metaphysics to be rational and logical.

If he himself philosopher did not exist, he would not be there to ask questions about the nature of reality ... on the other hand, this fundamental fact, which we call existence, soon proves a rather barren topic for philosophic speculation ...

All history must be studied afresh, the conditions of existence of the different formations of society must be examined individually before the attempt is made to deduce them from the political, civil law, aesthetic, philosophic, religious, etc., views corresponding to them.

The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are contiguous in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort.

However, when concerning philosophic or ethic value, an object may be both a physical object and an abstract object ( e. g. an action ).

As time passed, and custom created familiarity, his style, personal and literary, was seen to be the outward symbol of a firm resolve to preserve a philosophic calm, and of an enormous underlying energy which spent itself in labor.

Plato could be regarded as the outstanding philosopher of ' primitive mentality ,' that is, as the thinker who succeeded in giving philosophic currency and validity to the modes of life and behavior of archaic humanity.

Nonetheless, most philosophic traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism maintain that plants and even more obviously rocks cannot be included in samsāra since they lack the possibility of experience ( bhoga ) and, hence, of karma.

He shows that a belief in the teachings of revelation does not exclude an independent search for knowledge, but that speculation on religious subjects rather endeavors to prove the truth of the teachings received from the Prophets and to refute attacks upon revealed doctrine, which must be raised by philosophic investigation to the plane of actual knowledge.

" Even in such of his poems as may be called more distinctively Christian, this philosophic conception is at work.

Aristotle says that while all the different things called good do not seem to have the same name by chance, it is perhaps better to " let go for now " because this attempt at precision " would be more at home in another type of philosophic inquiry ", and would not seem to be helpful for discussing how particular humans should act, in the same way that doctors do not need to philosophize over the definition of health in order to treat each case.

Crescas, admitting that the existence of a first cause is susceptible of philosophic proof, but only by contingence ( he rejects the Aristotelian assumption that an endless chain of causes is unthinkable ; i. e., the first cause of all that is must be regarded as existent ), holds philosophy to be incompetent to prove God's absolute unity, as does Ghazzali.

" That its conclusions should be universally accepted was scarcely to be expected, but it was widely and well reviewed, and made a great impression on philosophic thinkers at the time and for many years after.

Leonard Peikoff's Ayn Rand Institute ( ARI ) declared Objectivism to be a " closed system " containing only the philosophic principles advocated by Rand herself.

Can we already find the roots of this approach in the writings of Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, a few years after the writing of the Guide ?... Ibn Tibbon's comments reveal his general approach toward the nature of the contradictions in the Guide: The interpreter need not be troubled by contradiction when one assertion is consistent with the " philosophic view " whereas the other is completely satisfactory to " men of religion ".

When various interpretation of the word predeterminism can be defined even better by other terms, such as the aforementioned determinism, predestination, or fatalism, then the definition of predeterminism itself appears awkward, unclear, and perhaps even worthless in terms of practical or philosophic discussion.

Most evident were the yadu or yatu (), an emotional and philosophic verse and the yagan (), which imitated the themes of the yadu genre, which was more emotionally involved, could be inspired by mood, place, incident, and often addressed to sweethearts and wives.

This may be supported by observing from The Iliad and other Greek literature that philosophic concepts such as hubris, heroism, and the superiority of Greek culture were extant prior to the Late Classical period of Greek Antiquity.