The power of Wilson's ideas was demonstrated by a constructive iterative renormalization solution of a long-standing problem, the Kondo problem, in 1974, as well as the preceding seminal developments of his new method in the theory of second-order phase transitions and critical phenomena in 1971.

In mathematics and its applications, particularly to phase transitions in matter, a Stefan problem ( also Stefan task ) is a particular kind of boundary value problem for a partial differential equation ( PDE ), adapted to the case in which a phase boundary can move with time.

In 2000, Bousso and Polchinski proposed to use the regime of eternal inflation and transitions between many different vacua in string theory for solving the cosmological constant problem.

That those hooks that survive cannot be used is the constant problem in archaeology: what was commonly used may have been usually worn out and didn't survive.

It incorporates a large part of the methods and theories developed in quantitative archaeology since the 1960s but goes beyond former attempts at quantifying archaeology by exploring ways to represent general archaeological information and problem structures as computer algorithms and data structures.

Part of this problem may be misconceptions about the seeming conflict between mathematics and humanistic archaeology.

Skeptical archaeologists see the electrical experiments as embodying a key problem with experimental archaeology, saying that such experiments can only show that something was physically possible, but do not confirm that it actually occurred.

In 1826 François Pouqueville, French diplomat and archaeologist, who wrote the Voyage en Grèce ; in 1851 Ernst Curtius the German archaeologist and historian who speculated about its location ; in 1879 Julius Smith, the director of Athens Observatory, issuing a study comparing the Aegeion earthquake which occurred 26 December 1861 with an earthquake which might have destroyed Helike ; in 1883 Spiros Panagiotopoulos, the mayor of Aegeion city, wrote about the ancient city ; in 1912 the Greek writer P. K. Ksinopoulos wrote The City of Aegeion Through the Centuries, and in 1939 Stanley Casson, an English art scholar and army officer who studied classical archaeology and served in Greece as liaison officer, addressed the problem.

He pointed out Helike as an unresolved problem of Greek archaeology in 1960.

Professor Mallory's research has focused on Early Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe, the problem of the homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and the archaeology of early Ireland.

That is why the form itself becomes a preoccupation, because it exists as a problem separate from the material it accommodates.

The specific analogy to the dilemma of love is the problem of the `` breakthrough '' in the realm of art.

This is an unsolved problem which probably has never been seriously investigated, although one frequently hears the comment that we have insufficient specialists of the kind who can compete with the Germans or Swiss, for example, in precision machinery and mathematics, or the Finns in geochemistry.

But the problem is one which gives us the measure of a man, rather than a group of men, whether a group of doctors, a group of party members assembled at a dinner to give their opinion, or the masses of the voters.

In the incessant struggle with recalcitrant political fact he learns to focus the essence of a problem in the significant detail, and to articulate the distinctions which clarify the detail as significant, with what is sometimes astounding rapidity.

The problem is to remove the accretions and thereby uncover the order that was always there.

Moral dread is seen as the other face of desire, and here psychoanalysis delivers to the writer a magnificent irony and a moral problem of great complexity.

The maturity in this point of view lies in its recognition that no basic problem is ever solved without being clearly understood.

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

Ptolemy's problem is to forecast where, against the inverted bowl of night, some particular light will be found at future times.

The distances of these points of light is a problem he cannot master, beyond crude conjectures as to the orderings of the planetary orbits viewed outward from earth.

This is a problem to be solved not by America alone, but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help.

The problem, in other words, is strictly a chronological one.

The problem of NATO is not one of machinery, of which there is an abundance, but of the will to use it.

Our problem, therefore, is to devise processes more modest in their aspirations, adjusted to the real world of sovereign nation states and diverse and hostile communities.

The main question raised by the incident is how much longer will UN bury its head in the sand on the Congo problem instead of facing the bitter fact that it has no solution in present terms??

The only real problem is to devise a plan whereby the owners of the above-water land can develop their property without the public losing its underwater land and the right to its development for public use and enjoyment.

Biggest organizational problem, he adds, is setting up CDC units in rock-ribbed Democratic territory.

If they are to be commended for foresight in their planning, what then is the judgment of a town council that compounds this problem during the planning stage??

The new column by Maurice Stans regarding business scandals, is fair and accurate in most respects and his solution to the problem has some merit.

The whole problem of `` peaceful coexistence and peaceful competition '' with the capitalist world is in the very center of this Congress.

But this is not the real problem ; ;

Descartes ' work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics.

" Lagrange's comment that a solution to the problem would require the invention of a new branch of analysis deterred all but two contestants, Denis Poisson and Germain.

Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language.

A similar problem occurs when the result of a parallelisable instruction is used as input for a branch.

The branch of applied mathematics and numerical analysis that is concerned with the development of deterministic algorithms that are capable of guaranteeing convergence in finite time to the actual optimal solution of a non-convex problem is called global optimization.

:* A set of files is branched, a problem that existed before the branching is fixed in one branch, and the fix is then merged into the other branch.

Today it is a much debated problem in the philosophical branch of decision theory but has received little attention from the mathematical side.

He played cricket with the geneticist Reginald Punnett who introduced the problem to him, and Hardy thus became the somewhat unwitting founder of a branch of applied mathematics.

The assignment problem is one of the fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of optimization or operations research in mathematics.

The main problem with upgrading the Wakefield branch was the dimensions of George Leather's cast iron aqueduct over the River Calder at Stanley Ferry.

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the Chinese postman problem ( CPP ), postman tour or route inspection problem is to find a shortest closed path or circuit that visits every edge of a ( connected ) undirected graph.

In the history of mathematics, Euler's solution of the Königsberg bridge problem is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory, a subject now generally regarded as a branch of combinatorics.

Rate – distortion theory is a major branch of information theory which provides the theoretical foundations for lossy data compression ; it addresses the problem of determining the minimal number of bits per symbol, as measured by the rate R, that should be communicated over a channel, so that the source ( input signal ) can be approximately reconstructed at the receiver ( output signal ) without exceeding a given distortion D.

The ARM's 16-bit Thumb instruction set has no branch predication, in order to save encoding space, but its successor Thumb-2 overcomes this problem using a special instruction which has no effect other than to supply predicates for the next four instructions.

In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, the Whitehead problem is the following question:

Later, as it the succession problem appeared and the national sympathies of Danish royalty became evident, the Schleswig-Holstein movement called for an independent state ruled by the house of Augustenburg, a cadet branch of the Danish royal House of Oldenburg.

In 1837 he published Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, using mathematical analysis concepts to tackle an algebraic problem and thus creating the branch of analytic number theory.

Another problem that hobbled CNR was in the sheer number of low-volume branch railway lines, which did not produce sufficient traffic to pay for their operation.

There is a problem with the theft of aluminum and copper cables from certain parts of the city but the major crime story to date has been the theft of over 1 million pesos worth of merchandise, mostly jewelry and watches, from the Ejército Mexicano branch of the Nacional Monte de Piedad.

* Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet publishes Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, using mathematical analysis concepts to tackle an algebraic problem and thus creating the branch of analytic number theory.

This does not refute the existence of a non-benevolent god ( s ), nor does it account for many of the arguments of Theodicy, the specific branch of theology and philosophy that attempts to reconcile the problem of evil.