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The philosophy or life stance secular humanism ( alternatively known by some adherents as Humanism, specifically with a capital H to distinguish it from other forms of humanism ) embraces human reason, ethics, social justice, philosophical naturalism, while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.
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philosophy and life
Though he struggled with philosophy all his life, he never got much beyond the pessimism of his twenties ; ;
He wrote in his essay " The Rebel " that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.
In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife ( also referred to as life after death, or Hereafter ) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself ( whether physical or transcendental ), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime.
The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values.
In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew ; but, a polymath, his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.
He often discussed Platonic philosophy, the illumination of the mind and soul by direct communion with Spirit ; upon the spiritual and poetic monitions of external nature ; and upon the benefit to man of a serene mood and a simple way of life.
... Ammonius held the divine philosophy unshaken and unadulterated to the end of his life.
We know little more of the life of Andronicus, but he is of special interest in the history of philosophy, from the statement of Plutarch, that he published a new edition of the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, which formerly belonged to the library of Apellicon, and were brought to Rome by Sulla with the rest of Apellicon's library in 84 BC.
He documented his life, philosophy and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary ( later called the Dymaxion Chronofile ), and by twenty-eight publications.
The Vedic literature, Srimad-Bhagavatam, reject from its very beginning kaitava-dharma or false philosophy, thus it frankly speaks about the principle of material life, and it does have a meaningful relation to celibacy.
" Active citizenship " is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation, public, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens.
In this sense they serve as a philosophy of life but one expressed and conveyed through symbol rather than systematic reason.
Modern western mysticism and new age philosophy often use the term ' the Divine ' as a noun in this latter sense: a non-specific principle and / or being that gives rise to the world, and acts as the source or wellspring of life.
The central importance of dukkha in Buddhist philosophy is not intended to present a pessimistic view of life, but rather to present a realistic practical assessment of the human condition — that all beings must experience suffering and pain at some point in their lives, including the inevitable sufferings of illness, aging, and death.
Inspired by the admonition of his mentor, Socrates, prior to his unjust execution that " the unexamined life is not worth living ", Plato and his student, the political scientist Aristotle, helped lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.
Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy.
The doctor, only five years older than Allen, taught the younger Allen a great deal about philosophy and political theory, while Allen was able to bring to Young his appreciation of nature and life on the frontier.
Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy ; indeed, Franz Brentano is often credited as being his most important influence, e. g., with regard to intentionality.
For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia — peace and freedom from fear — and aponia — the absence of pain — and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.
Early in life, Epictetus acquired a passion for philosophy, and with the permission of his wealthy owner, he studied Stoic philosophy under Musonius Rufus, which allowed him to rise in respectability as he grew more educated.
Left wing political philosophy generally couples the notion of freedom with that of positive liberty, or the enabling of a group or individual to determine their own life or realize their own potential.
Although Hayek only met Wittgenstein on a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought.
philosophy and stance
Some of his policies, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance, while on other issues his stance was left-of-center.
This is the stance of Greek philosophy.
Some contemporary Theravadin figures have thus indicated a sympathetic stance toward the Mahayana philosophy found in the Heart Sutra and the Fundamental Stanzas on the Middle Way.
Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses " the moral worth of the individual ".
"... This stance puts him squarely in the libertarian socialist tradition and, unsurprisingly, Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be " Anarchistic socialism.
He objected to the stance of empiricism in its postulating of persons and things, and insisted that neither subject nor object are warranted as initial considerations of philosophy.
" His public philosophy, geared towards inclusion and service to others, reflects his stance that decisions about religion should be made at home.
The most controversial books, reflecting CounterPunchs stance on criticism of the Israeli government, are 2003's The Politics of Anti-Semitism, edited by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, and The Case Against Israel ( 2005 ) by Michael Neumann, a philosophy professor at Trent University Ontario in response to Alan Dershowitz's The Case for Israel.
An important shift in philosophy in the Catalogs occurred in the early 1970s, when Brand decided that the early stance of emphasizing individualism should be replaced with one favoring community.
In a 1970 preface Althusser repudiated some of the positions taken in the book, calling his earlier definition of philosophy as the " theory of theoretical practice " a theoreticist stance and hence " incorrect.
It was grounded in the DIY philosophy of punk values, riot grrrls took an anti-corporate stance of self-sufficiency and self-reliance.
Only if children's knowledge was used to improve their environment and the lives of people around them, would it lead to the formation of an active philosophy of life, to a practical moral stance.
Although Friedberg's international relations philosophy is rooted in concern for the structural organization of power characteristic of the realist school of international relations, he draws from many of the traditions of liberal institutionalism, resulting in what scholar Thomas Christensen has termed a " positive-sum " stance on international relations.
Grasser's policies and philosophy as a finance minister suggest a neoliberal stance.
In philosophy and models of scientific inquiry, postpositivism ( also called postempiricism ) is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism.
Technogaianism ( a portmanteau word combining " techno -" for technology and " gaian " for Gaia philosophy ) is a bright green environmentalist stance of active support for the research, development and use of emerging and future technologies to help restore Earth's environment.
An extreme form of the constructivist stance in the philosophy of mathematics, finitism proposes that a mathematical object ( i. e. a well defined abstract entity capable of possessing properties and bearing relations ) does not exist unless it can be " constructed " by a formal procedure from the natural numbers in a finite number of steps.
This change in editorial stance reflected a similar change in British politics itself, which had set aside the notion of laissez-faire as a practical philosophy some 50 years beforehand.
philosophy and secular
Nonmagical Confucianism was a secular, rational philosophy, but even with this different orientation it could not escape from the ethos of a cosmic government.
In fact, Shestov used the story of Job as a central signifier for his core philosophy ( the vast critique of the history of Western philosophy, which he saw broadly as a monumental battle between Reason and Faith, Athens and Jerusalem, secular and religious outlook ):
During the Renaissance secular political philosophy began to emerge after about a century of theological political thought in Europe.
In particular, early secular ideas involving the separation of philosophy and religion can be traced back to Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) and the Averroism school of philosophy.
Along with this, an essential part of secular humanism is a continually adapting search for truth, primarily through science and philosophy.
Whilst Comte's religious movement was unsuccessful, the positivist philosophy of science itself played a major role in the proliferation of secular organizations in the 19th century.
Hinduism is a combination of secular and sacred beliefs, rituals, daily practices and traditions that has evolved over the course of over two thousand years and embodies complex symbolism combining the natural world with philosophy.
Yet the majority of works in Bibliotheca are by Christian patristic authors, and most of the secular texts in Bibliotheca are histories, grammars or literary works, usually rhetoric, rather than science, medicine or philosophy.
Other articles appearing in the state-run media in the first days and weeks of the ban posited that Falun Gong must be defeated because its " theistic " philosophy was at odds with the Marxist-Leninism paradigm and with the secular values of materialism.
Rabbenu Asher was opposed to the study of secular knowledge, especially philosophy.
He viewed modernism as an import of secular errors affecting three areas of Roman Catholic belief: theology, philosophy, and dogma.
Yeshiva University ’ s undergraduate schools — Yeshiva College, Stern College for Women, and Syms School of Business " offer a unique dual curriculum inspired by Modern-Centrist-Orthodox Judaism's hashkafa ( philosophy ) of Torah Umadda (" Torah and secular knowledge ") combining the finest, contemporary academic education with the timeless teachings of Torah .”
Its modern conception is rooted in European history, particularly in the philosophy of ancient Greece, in the political formation of the Roman Empire, and in the subsequent struggle between secular authority, represented by the Holy Roman Emperor, and ecclesiastical authority, represented by the Pope.
Modern Orthodox Judaism thinkers reinterpreted Judaism in the language of modern secular philosophy and scholarship.
Certain Christian theologians have also criticized a tendency to " historicize " and " dogmatize " certain political or secular events such as the Shoah which are not part of theology as traditionally understood, that is, theology as a hermeneutic of the deposit of faith and of divine revelation, and not theology as sociology, philosophy, history or politics.
Elias also attempts to refute particular interpretations of his philosophy, such as the notion that much of his thinking was rooted in Kantian secular philosophy.
In response to the " Torah Umadda " theory they say that Hirschian philosophy demands the domination of Torah over secular knowledge, not a separate synthesis.
On this basis, many adherents of Hirsch's philosophy have preferred the natural sciences over the humanities as a subject of secular study, seemingly because they are easier to judge through the prism of Torah thought than the more abstract humanities.
The distinction between the religious and the secular tends to be much less sharp in Eastern philosophy, and the same philosophical school often contains both religious and philosophical elements.
In 1485 he travelled to the University of Paris, the most important centre in the whole of Europe for Scholastic philosophy and theology, and a hotbed of secular Averroism.
For European Jews, emancipation and encounter with secular thought from the 18th-century onwards altered how philosophy was viewed.
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