This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (; April 8, 1859, Proßnitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany ) was a philosopher and mathematician and the founder of the 20th century philosophical school of phenomenology.

Although born into a Jewish family, Husserl was baptized as a Lutheran in 1886.

Husserl was born in 1859 in Prostějov (), a town in the Bohemian province of Moravia, that was then in the Austrian Empire, after 1918 in Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 in the Czech Republic.

This work was well received and became the subject of a seminar given by Wilhelm Dilthey ; Husserl in 1905 traveled to Berlin to visit Dilthey.

In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung was founded by Husserl and his school, which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930.

On March 8, 1916, on the battlefield of Verdun, Wolfgang Husserl was killed in action.

On April 6 Husserl was suspended from the University of Freiburg by the Badische Ministry of Culture ; the following week he was disallowed any university activities.

Husserl was incorrectly rumoured to have been denied the use of the library at Freiburg as a result of the anti-Jewish legislation the Nazis passed in April 1933.

However, among other disabilities Husserl was unable to publish his works in Nazi Germany ; cf., above footnote to Die Krisis ( 1936 ).

It was also rumoured that his former pupil and Nazi Party member, Martin Heidegger, informed Husserl that he was discharged, but it was actually the former rector.

In the war-time 1941 edition of Heidegger's primary work, Being and Time ( first published in 1927 ), the original dedication to Husserl was removed.

The metaphysical problem of establishing the material reality of what we perceive was of little interest to Husserl in spite of his being a transcendental idealist.

Jacob Klein was one student of Husserl who pursued this line of inquiry, seeking to " desedimentize " mathematics and the mathematical sciences.

Husserl pointed out that the failure of anti-psychologists to defeat psychologism was a result of being unable to distinguish between the foundational, theoretical side of logic, and the applied, practical side.

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

Heidegger's magnum opus Being and Time was dedicated to Husserl.

He was above all the mediator between Husserl and the students, for he understood extremely well how to deal with other persons, whereas Husserl was pretty much helpless in this respect.

For example, the review falsely accuses Husserl of subjectivizing everything, so that no objectivity is possible, and falsely attributes to him a notion of abstraction whereby objects disappear until we are left with numbers as mere ghosts.

The content of Being and Time, according to Husserl, claimed to deal with ontology, but from Husserl's perspective only did so in the first few pages of the book.

And so Sartre parted company with Husserl over the latter's belief in a transcendent ego, which Sartre believed instead was neither formally nor materially in consciousness, but outside it: in the world.

* Cartesian Meditations, a work by Edmund Husserl

" As mentioned above in section on Derrida's deconstruction of Husserl Derrida actually argues for the contamination of pure origins by the structures of language and temporality and Manfred Frank has even referred to Derrida's work as " Neostructuralism " and this seems to capture Derrida's novel concern for how texts are structured.

Influenced by the views of Brentano's pupil Alexius Meinong, and by Edmund Husserl, Germanophone and Francophone philosophy took a different direction regarding the question of existence.

Then Husserl traveled to Vienna to study at the Realgymnasium there, followed next by the Staatsgymnasium in Olomouc ( Ger: Olmütz ).

In the summer of 1929 Husserl had studied carefully selected writings of Heidegger, coming to the conclusion that on several of their key positions they differed, e. g., Heidegger substituted Dasein for the pure ego, thus transforming phenomenology into an anthropology, a specie of psychologism strongly disfavored by Husserl.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we, in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually " constitute " them ( to be distinguished from materially creating objects or objects merely being figments of the imagination ); in the Phenomenological standpoint, the object ceases to be something simply " external " and ceases to be seen as providing indicators about what it is, and becomes a grouping of perceptual and functional aspects that imply one another under the idea of a particular object or " type ".

In it, Husserl for the first time attempts a historical overview of the development of Western philosophy and science, emphasizing the challenges presented by their increasingly ( one-sidedly ) empirical and naturalistic orientation.

* The second stratum would be called by Husserl " logic of consequence " or the " logic of non-contradiction " which explores all possible forms of true judgments.

In his professorial doctoral dissertation, On the Concept of Number ( 1886 ) and in his Philosophy of Arithmetic ( 1891 ), Husserl sought, by employing Brentano's descriptive psychology, to define the natural numbers in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of Karl Weierstrass, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, and other contemporary mathematicians.

Husserl stated that by the time he published that book, he had already changed his mind — that he had doubts about psychologism from the very outset.

Husserl states that this effort made by psychologists is a " metábasis eis állo génos " ( Gr. " a transgression to another field ").

Husserl responds by saying that truth itself as well as logical laws always remain valid regardless of psychological " evidence " that they are true.

Jean-Paul Sartre was also largely influenced by Husserl, although he later came to disagree with key points in his analyses.

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

Karol Wojtyla, who would later become became Pope John-Paul II was influenced by Husserl.

Following academic advice, two years later in 1886 Husserl followed Carl Stumpf, a former student of Brentano, to the University of Halle, seeking to obtain his Habilitation which would qualify him to teach at the university level.

Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano is intentionality, the notion that the main characteristic of consciousness is that it is always intentional.

Reacting against authors such as J. S. Mill, Sigwart and his own former teacher Brentano, Husserl criticised their psychologism in mathematics and logic, i. e. their conception of these abstract and a-priori sciences as having an essentially empirical foundation and a prescriptive or descriptive nature.

Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Language.

Husserl derived many important concepts central to phenomenology from the works and lectures of his teachers, the philosophers and psychologists Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf.

An important element of phenomenology that Husserl borrowed from Brentano is intentionality ( often described as " aboutness "), the notion that consciousness is always consciousness of something.

Sometimes depicted as the “ science of experience ,” the phenomenological method is rooted in intentionality, Husserl ’ s theory of consciousness ( developed from Brentano ).

The cardinal principle of phenomenology, the term intentionality originated with the Scholastics in the medieval period and was resurrected by Brentano who in turn influenced Husserl ’ s conception of phenomenology, who refined the term and made it the cornerstone of his theory of consciousness.

In the first edition of the Logical Investigations, still under the influence of Brentano, Husserl describes his position as " descriptive psychology.

* Carl Stumpf ( 1848 – 1936 ), student of Brentano and mentor to Husserl, used " phenomenology " to refer to an ontology of sensory contents.

* Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology ( Oxford: Routledge, 2000 )-Charting phenomenology from Brentano, through Husserl and Heidegger, to Gadamer, Arendt, Levinas, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Derrida.

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano ( January 16, 1838 – March 17, 1917 ) was an influential German philosopher and psychologist whose influence was felt by other such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong, who followed and adapted his views.

Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano ( 1838 – 1917 ), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ).

The term dates from medieval Scholastic philosophy, but was resurrected by Franz Brentano and adopted by Edmund Husserl.

To bear out further the diversity of sentiment evoked from the notion of intentionality, Husserl followed on Brentano, and gave intentionality more widespread attention, both in continental and analytic philosophy.

The effect of his thought on philosophy initially seemed destined to be slight ; his work was rediscovered, however, by Edmund Husserl and Kazimierz Twardowski, both students of Franz Brentano.

* Rollinger, Robin D. Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object.

Chisholm translated some work by Brentano and by Husserl, and contributed to the post-1970 renaissance of mereology.

* European phenomenology of Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

* Rollinger, Robin D., Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Meinong, Husserl, and Others on Mind and Object Ontos-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008.

" Ryle, having engaged in detailed study of the key works of Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, himself suggested instead that the book " could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label.

Husserl, who was a former student of Franz Brentano, thought that in the study of mind it was extremely important to acknowledge that consciousness is characterized by intentionality, a concept often explained as " aboutness "; consciousness is always consciousness of something.

In addition to Brentano, his pupils Anton Marty, Alexius Meinong and Edmund Husserl also considerably influenced Polish philosophy and the Lwów – Warsaw School.