The dipole anisotropy and others due to Earth's annual motion relative to the Sun and numerous microwave sources in the galactic plane and elsewhere must be subtracted out to reveal the extremely tiny variations characterizing the fine-scale structure of the CMBR background.

The ecliptic is the apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere as seen from the Earth's center, and also the plane of this path, which is coplanar with the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.

As the rotational axis of the Earth is not perpendicular to its orbital plane, the Earth's equatorial plane is not coplanar with the ecliptic plane, but is inclined to it by an angle of about 23 °. 4, which is known as the obliquity of the ecliptic.

The gravitational perturbations of the other bodies of the Solar System cause a much smaller motion of the plane of the Earth's orbit, and hence of the ecliptic, known as planetary precession.

Currently about 23 °. 4, it varies slightly due to motion of the plane of the Earth's orbit, and hence the ecliptic, with planetary precession.

An equinox occurs twice a year ( around 20 March and 22 September ), when the tilt of the Earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the Sun, the center of the Sun being in the same plane as the Earth's equator.

Lunar eclipses do not occur every month because the moon usually passes above or below the Earth's shadow ( which is mostly restricted to the ecliptic plane ).

The Flat Earth model is an archaic belief that the Earth's shape is a plane or disk.

In the case of plane geometry ( valid for small areas on the Earth's surface ) the solutions to both problems reduce to simple trigonometry.

Everywhere on Earth the vertical north-south plane would contain the Earth's axis.

But the Earth is not homogenous, and has mountains — which have gravity and so can shift the vertical plane away from the Earth's axis.

The longitude shown on maps and GPS devices is the angle between the Greenwich plane and a not-quite-vertical plane through the point ; the not-quite-vertical plane is perpendicular to the surface of the spheroid chosen to approximate the Earth's sea-level surface, rather than perpendicular to the sea-level surface itself.

* The experiment of Fizeau ( 1860 ), to find whether the rotation of the polarization plane through glass columns is changed by Earth's motion.

Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about five degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun ( the plane of the ecliptic ).

Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new or full, it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth's orbit plane about the Sun and the Moon's orbit plane about the Earth ( that is, at one of its nodes ).

Vector relationships for uniform circular motion ; vector Ω representing the rotation is normal to the plane of the orbit with polarity determined by the right-hand rule and magnitude dθ / dt.

The rotation itself is represented by the angular velocity vector Ω, which is normal to the plane of the orbit ( using the right-hand rule ) and has magnitude given by:

Also, the Earth does not actually orbit the Sun, but the Solar System barycenter, therefore an alternate definition of the ecliptic is the mean plane of the orbit of Earth-Moon barycenter around the Solar System barycenter.

A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer's position.

:* Escape-time fractals – use a formula or recurrence relation at each point in a space ( such as the complex plane ); usually quasi-self-similar ; also known as " orbit " fractals ; e. g., the Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Burning Ship fractal, Nova fractal and Lyapunov fractal.

Hyperbolas arise in practice in many ways: as the curve representing the function in the Cartesian plane, as the appearance of a circle viewed from within it, as the path followed by the shadow of the tip of a sundial, as the shape of an open orbit ( as distinct from a closed and hence elliptical orbit ), such as the orbit of a spacecraft during a gravity assisted swing-by of a planet or more generally any spacecraft exceeding the escape velocity of the nearest planet, as the path of a single-apparition comet ( one travelling too fast to ever return to the solar system ), as the scattering trajectory of a subatomic particle ( acted on by repulsive instead of attractive forces but the principle is the same ), and so on.

Note that from the perspective of the smaller-mass object — from the moon, in the preceding example — a spacecraft might appear to orbit in an irregular path about the or point, but from the perspective above the orbital plane, it becomes clear that both the smaller mass and the spacecraft are orbiting the larger mass ( or more precisely, all of the objects are in orbit around the barycenter of the system ); they simply have overlapping orbital paths.

* A cosmic dust detector, mounted on the body with microphone plate approximately perpendicular to the plane of orbit, to measure the momentum, distribution, density, and direction of cosmic dust.

It is worth noting that the vertices and edges of a convex polyhedron can be projected to form a graph ( sometimes called a Schlegel diagram ) on the sphere or on a flat plane, and the corresponding graph formed by the dual of this polyhedron is its dual graph.

A stereonet is a stereographic projection of a sphere onto a plane, in which planes are projected as lines and lines are projected as points.

The sphere may then be projected to the plane with an equirectangular projection to give a double projection from the ellipsoid to the plane such that all meridians have true length and uniform meridian scale.

The geometrical form factor ( or " projected solid angle ") F < sub > ij </ sub >.< p > F < sub > ij </ sub > can be obtained by projecting the element A < sub > j </ sub > onto a the surface of a unit hemisphere, and then projecting that in turn onto a unit circle around the point of interest in the plane of A < sub > i </ sub >.

Sierpiński demonstrated that this fractal is a universal curve, in that any possible one-dimensional graph, projected onto the two-dimensional plane, is homeomorphic to a subset of the Sierpinski carpet.

When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter ( 3 ) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor ( 4 ) in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.

* The plane of the equator is the plane of the Earth's equator projected into space.

The azimuth is the angle formed between a reference direction ( North ) and a line from the observer to a point of interest projected on the same plane as the reference direction.

The vector from an observer ( origin ) to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane ; the angle between the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane is called the azimuth.

He viewed the crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve and through the gaps between the leaves of a plane tree.

In many contexts, especially perspective drawing, the curvature of the Earth is disregarded and the horizon is considered the theoretical line to which points on any horizontal plane converge ( when projected onto the picture plane ) as their distance from the observer increases.

* Silhouette edge, in computer graphics, a feature of a 3D body projected onto a 2D plane

The normal curvature, k < sub > n </ sub >, is the curvature of the curve projected onto the plane containing the curve's tangent T and the surface normal u ; the geodesic curvature, k < sub > g </ sub >, is the curvature of the curve projected onto the

The celestial equator is just the Earth's equator projected onto the celestial sphere, so it moves as the Earth's equatorial plane moves, and the intersection with the ecliptic moves with it.

Within limits, a smaller pinhole ( with a thinner surface that the hole goes through ) will result in sharper image resolution because the projected circle of confusion at the image plane is practically the same size as the pinhole.

Hence, thought of as a line in a particular plane **yp, any tangent to Q has a unique image and moreover this image is the same for all planes through L.

The tensioning members have a common drive so that the application of restorative force takes place simultaneously in all directions in the plane of the test specimen.

When Dr. W. A. Swim celebrated his 75th birthday at the Wilshire Country Club, guests came by chartered plane from all over the country.

I had a pocketful of money, which was unusual when I was in the army, and the plane would be grounded all night.

For example, the equation y = x corresponds to the set of all the points on the plane whose x-coordinate and y-coordinate are equal.

If the pencil with the angle u2 is that of the maximum aberration of all the pencils transmitted, then in a plane perpendicular to the axis at O ' 1 there is a circular disk of confusion of radius O ' 1R, and in a parallel plane at O ' 2 another one of radius O ' 2R2 ; between these two is situated the disk of least confusion.

Since Cartesian coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous, the points of a Cartesian plane can be identified with all possible pairs of real numbers ; that is with the Cartesian product, where is the set of all reals.

These Euclidean transformations of the plane can all be described in a uniform way by using matrices.

Above, it turns into an helical antiferromagnetic state in which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are parallel, and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent layers.

Various concepts based on length, such as the arc length of curves, area of plane regions, and volume of solids all possess natural analogues in Riemannian geometry.

Once the delivery was completed, Cooper permitted all passengers, Schaffner, and senior flight attendant Alice Hancock to leave the plane.

An ellipse is also the locus of all points of the plane whose distances to two fixed points add to the same constant.

Interpreting Euclid's axioms in the spirit of this more modern approach, axioms 1-4 are consistent with either infinite or finite space ( as in elliptic geometry ), and all five axioms are consistent with a variety of topologies ( e. g., a plane, a cylinder, or a torus for two-dimensional Euclidean geometry ).

Continuous-time LTI filters may also be described in terms of the Laplace transform of their impulse response, which allows all of the characteristics of the filter to be analyzed by considering the pattern of poles and zeros of their Laplace transform in the complex plane.

Only about 1 % of all distance travelled was by plane in 2002.

< http :// www. chm. bris. ac. uk / motm / hemoglobin / hemoglobjm. htm >.</ ref > The iron ion, which is the site of oxygen binding, coordinates with the four nitrogens in the center of the ring, which all lie in one plane.

* The 2-sphere with a single point removed is homeomorphic to the set of all points in R < sup > 2 </ sup > ( a 2-dimensional plane ).

For all pictures the magnetic quantum number m has been set to 0, and the cross-sectional plane is the xz-plane ( z is the vertical axis ).

It is based on an extensive domestic airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane.

* 2012 – A passenger plane crashes into a building in Lagos, Nigeria, killing all 153 people

Ashcroft suspended all campaigning after the plane crash in light of the tragedy.