While modelling atoms in isolation may not seem realistic, if one considers atoms in a gas or plasma then the time-scales for atom-atom interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic processes that are generally considered.

Sakharov then tested a MK-driven " plasma cannon " where a small aluminium ring was vaporized by huge eddy currents into a stable, self-confined toroidal plasmoid and was accelerated to 100 km / s.

* Macropinocytosis, which usually occurs from highly ruffled regions of the plasma membrane, is the invagination of the cell membrane to form a pocket, which then pinches off into the cell to form a vesicle ( 0. 5 – 5 µm in diameter ) filled with a large volume of extracellular fluid and molecules within it ( equivalent to ~ 100 CCVs ).

The idea is to use an electrical flow through the conductor and then exploding the flow into vapor and then breaking it down into plasma.

A plasma enzyme called lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) converts the free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester ( a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol ), which is then sequestered into the core of the lipoprotein particle, eventually making the newly synthesized HDL spherical.

Positive ions and electrons are then ejected from the thruster as a quasineutral plasma, creating thrust.

This glowing plasma is excited and then acts as the active laser medium | gain medium through which the internal beam passes, as it is reflected between the two mirrors.

If one assumed that magnetopause was just a boundary between a magnetic field in a vacuum and a plasma with a weak magnetic field embedded in it, then the magnetopause would be defined by electrons and ions penetrating one gyroradius into the magnetic field domain.

The high-energy ions then transfer part of their energy to the plasma particles in repeated collisions, increasing the plasma temperature.

The particles are then propelled by the Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between the current flowing through the plasma and the magnetic field ( which is either externally applied, or induced by the current ) out through the exhaust chamber.

The magnetic sail introduces a magnetic field into this plasma flow, perpendicular to the motion of the charged particles, which can deflect the particles from their original trajectory: the momentum of the particles is then transferred to the sail, leading to a thrust on the sail.

While modelling atoms in isolation may not seem realistic, if one considers molecules in a gas or plasma then the time-scales for molecule-molecule interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic and molecular processes that we are concerned with.

This is achieved by ionizing the sample with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions.

This is a device which converts liquids into an aerosol, and that aerosol can then be swept into the plasma to create the ions.

The sample is then exposed to radio frequency which converts the gas into a plasma.

Up until then phospholipids were believed to be innate structures only used by cells as building blocks for construction of the plasma membrane .< ref >

If the reactants have a distribution of velocities, as is the case in a thermal distribution within a plasma, then it is useful to perform an average over the distributions of the product of cross section and velocity.

* Kidneys – organs which produce urine by excreting blood plasma and then resorbing important chemicals.

When the electrode potential is equal to or greater than the plasma potential, then there is no longer a sheath to reflect electrons, and the electron current saturates.

Once one has a theory of the I-V characteristic of an electrode, one can proceed to measure it and then fit the data with the theoretical curve to extract the plasma parameters.

This could only be possible if the vesicle were to temporarily establish continuity with the cell plasma membrane, expel a portion of its contents, then detach, reseal, and withdraw into the cytosol ( endocytose ).

Collected blood is then separated into blood components by centrifugation: red blood cells, plasma, platelets, albumin protein, clotting factor concentrates, cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen concentrate, and immunoglobulins ( antibodies ).

If plasma is pushed hard enough, it generates electric fields which allow it to move in response to the push, often ( not always ) deforming the magnetic field in the process.

Earlier it was stated that, " if plasma is pushed hard enough, it generates electric fields which allow it to move in response to the push, often ( not always ) deforming the magnetic field in the process.

This is a large advantage of tokamak reactors since these freed neutrons provide a simple way to extract heat from the plasma stream ; this is how the fusion reactor generates usable energy.

The processes behind this involve high levels of Na + reabsorption into the blood plasma within the kidneys, secrection of NaCl via the salt glands using less water than was absorbed, which essentially generates salt-free water for other physiological uses.

Havok generates powerful “ plasma blasts ”, an ability he has had difficulty controlling.

Surface wave plasma sources can be divided into two groups depending upon whether the plasma generates part of its own waveguide by ionisation or not.

The thermionic vacuum arc ( TVA ) is a new type of plasma source, which generates a pure metal and ceramic vapour plasma containing ions with a directed energy.

LIBS operates by focusing the laser onto a small area at the surface of the specimen ; when the laser is discharged it ablates a very small amount of material, in the range of nanograms to picograms, which generates a plasma plume with temperatures in excess of 100, 000 K. During data collection, typically after local thermodynamic equilibrium is established, plasma temperatures range from 5, 000 – 20, 000 K. At the high temperatures during the early plasma, the ablated material dissociates ( breaks down ) into excited ionic and atomic species.

The laser beam generates a dense plasma where it impinges on the target material.

These are performed on any kind of body fluid, but mostly on serum or plasma.

They oscillate back and forth at the plasma frequency until the energy is lost in some kind of resistance or damping.

Most other types of display, including LCD, plasma and DLP, generally cannot accept an interlaced signal directly, and therefore some kind of line doubler must be used.

Additionally, Moss and co-workers found that median plasma levels of RANTES, a chemokine that attracts immune system components like eosinophils ( a kind of white blood cell that destroys parasitic organisms ), monocytes ( a precursor of macrophages ), and lymphocytes, were higher in HIV-infected children with measles than in those without measles.

Explorer satellites have made important discoveries: Earth's magnetosphere and the shape of its gravity field ; the solar wind ; properties of micrometeoroids raining down on the Earth ; much about ultraviolet, cosmic, and X-rays from the solar system and universe beyond ; ionospheric physics ; Solar plasma ; solar energetic particles ; and atmospheric physics.

The Magnetopause is the abrupt boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma.

At Earth and all the other planets with intrinsic magnetic fields, some solar wind plasma succeeds in entering and becoming trapped within the magnetosphere.

At Earth, the solar wind plasma which enters the magnetosphere forms the plasma sheet.

The amount of solar wind plasma and energy which enters the magnetosphere is regulated by the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field which is embedded in the solar wind.

The boundary between the region dominated by the planet ’ s magnetic field ( i. e., the magnetosphere ) and the plasma in the interplanetary medium is the magnetopause.

The magnetosphere of Earth is a region in space whose shape is determined by the Earth's internal magnetic field, the solar wind plasma, and the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ).

The hot plasma ions of the magnetosphere acquire electrons during collisions with these atoms and create an escaping " glow " of energetic neutral atoms ( ENAs ) that have been used to image the hot plasma clouds by the IMAGE and TWINS missions.

Owing to this highly variable heating, however, a heavy atmospheric or ionospheric outflow of plasma flows during disturbed periods from the auroral zones into the magnetosphere, extending the region dominated by terrestrial material, known as the fourth or plasma geosphere, at times out to the magnetopause.

Density and temperature of plasma in the magnetosphere and other areas of space.

The two plasmas end up separated by a boundary, the magnetopause, and the Earth's plasma is confined to a cavity inside the flowing solar wind, the magnetosphere.

The rest is injected into the inner magnetosphere where it results in the aurora and the ring current plasma population.

Magnetic fields in the magnetosphere arise from the Earth's internal magnetic field as well as from electric currents that flow in the magnetospheric plasma: the plasma acts as an electromagnet.

Unlike in a conventional resistive electric circuit, where currents are best thought of as arising as a response to an applied voltage, currents in the magnetosphere are better seen as caused by the structure and motion of the plasma in its associated magnetic field.

The thermal plasma within the inner magnetosphere corotates with the Earth and therefore reacts to the sum of these two fields.

In this state field lines of the magnetosphere are relatively strongly linked to the IMF, allowing energy and plasma to enter it at relatively high rates.

In order to reduce the size and weight of the magnet of the magnetic sail, it may be possible to inflate the magnetic field using a plasma in the same way that the plasma around the Earth stretches out the Earth's magnetic field in the magnetosphere.

The range of maneuvers available to a magnetic sail inside a planetary magnetosphere are more limited than in a plasma wind.