Upon all of them played the intellectual, social, political, and economic attitudes, institutions, and customs of the nation.

The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world.

As a result of the protests, Bloom stated, " American universities were no longer places of intellectual and academic debate, but rather places of ' political correctness ' and liberalism.

Also famous as a prose stylist, Hume pioneered the essay as a literary genre and engaged with contemporary intellectual luminaries such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith ( who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and political philosophy ), James Boswell, Joseph Butler, and Thomas Reid.

In contrast to the Freudian school's individualistic style of analysis, this practice studied the dynamics of several subjects in complex interaction ; it led Guattari into a broader philosophical exploration of, and political engagement with, a vast array of intellectual and cultural domains ( philosophy, ethnology, linguistics, architecture, etc.

Bastiat developed intellectual interests in several areas including " philosophy, history, politics, religion, travel, poetry, political economy and biography.

Hayek also played a central role in Milton Friedman's intellectual development: " My interest in public policy and political philosophy was rather casual before I joined the faculty of the University of Chicago.

While the Finnish political and intellectual elite mostly understood the term to refer more to the foreign policy problems of other countries, and meant mostly for domestic consumption in the speaker's own country, many ordinary Finns considered the term highly offensive.

The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life.

The last decades of the independent Commonwealth existence were characterized by intense reform movements and far-reaching progress in the areas of education, intellectual life, art, and especially toward the end of the period, evolution of the social and political system.

This element, known as the Great Emigration, soon dominated the Polish political and intellectual life.

Recent historical interpretations, especially those influenced by Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ), portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems battling for intellectual supremacy in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside pure science.

The advent of the Age of Enlightenment provided an intellectual framework which welcomed the practical application of the growing body of scientific knowledge — a factor evidenced in the systematic development of the steam engine, guided by scientific analysis, and the development of the political and sociological analyses, culminating in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.

Early tributes as to what Tenniel in his role as a national observer meant to the British nation around the time of his death came in as high praise ; in 1914 New York Tribune journalist George W. Smalley referred to John Tenniel as “ one of the greatest intellectual forces of his time, ( who ) understood social laws and political energies .”

In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the Enlightenment.

In replacing Constantius's political and civil appointees, Julian drew heavily from the intellectual and professional classes, or kept reliable holdovers, such as the rhetorician Themistius.

In Sartre's opinion, the " traditional bourgeois literary forms remain innately superior ", but there is " a recognition that the new technological ' mass media ' forms must be embraced " if Sartre's ethical and political goals as an authentic, committed intellectual are to be achieved: the demystification of bourgeois political practices and the raising of the consciousness, both political and cultural, of the working class.

The power of the intellectual and of science were also rejected by many anarchists: “ In conquering the state, in exalting the role of parties, they reinforce the hierarchical principle embodied in political and administrative institutions ”.

Additionally, the residential experience of living on campus brings a wide variety of cultural, political, and intellectual events to students who might not otherwise seek them out in a non-residential setting ( though not every college has such strict residency requirements ); and

Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media ( 1992 ) is a documentary film that explores the political life and ideas of Noam Chomsky, a linguist, intellectual, and political activist.

* or Left Bloc, a Portuguese political party

The term Left Bank was first coined by film critic Richard Roud, who has described them as having " fondness for a kind of Bohemian life and an impatience with the conformity of the Right Bank, a high degree of involvement in literature and the plastic arts, and a consequent interest in experimental filmmaking ", as well as an identification with the political left.

At the time of political competition between Bolsheviks and SRs ( January 1918 ), Left SRs attempted to curb the rights of VCheKa and establish through the Narkomiust its control over its work.

European United Left / Nordic Green Left ( GUE / NGL ) is a left-wing political group with seats in the European Parliament since 1995.

The United Left Alliance is an electoral alliance of left-wing political parties and independent politicians in the Republic of Ireland.

Left wing political philosophy generally couples the notion of freedom with that of positive liberty, or the enabling of a group or individual to determine their own life or realize their own potential.

He was a friend and collaborator of the political sociologist Barrington Moore, Jr. and of the political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, and also a friend of the Columbia University sociology professor C. Wright Mills, one of the founders of the New Left movement.

Left without political office, Davis continued his political activity.

Here he aligned the journal, and thus himself, with the Left and called for writers to express their political commitment ( Aronson 1980: 107 ).

But he agreed with the Left Communists that a separate peace treaty with an imperialist power would be a terrible morale and material blow to the Soviet government, negate all its military and political successes of 1917 and 1918, resurrect the notion that the Bolsheviks secretly allied with the German government, and cause an upsurge of internal resistance.

In 1999, he succeeded in establishing one uniform political party – the Democratic Left Alliance – which turned out to be very successful in following elections.

The political terms Left and Right were coined during the French Revolution ( 1789 – 1799 ), referring to the seating arrangement in the Estates General: those who sat on the left generally supported the radical changes of the revolution, including the creation of a republic and secularization, while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime.

The question of nationality and nationalism has been a central feature of political debates on the Left.

Unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism, the " New Left " instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism.

In Europe, some ' Green-Left ' political parties combine traditional social-democratic values such as a desire for greater economic equality and workers rights with demands for environmental protection, such as the Nordic Green Left.

Brian McLaren of the Emergent Church compares the Left Behind series to The Da Vinci Code, and states, " What the Left Behind novels do, the way they twist scripture toward a certain theological and political end, I think

Trotskyism ideologically predominated the political platform of the Left Opposition, which demanded the restoration of soviet democracy, the expansion of democratic centralism in the Communist Party, national industrialisation, international permanent revolution, and socialist internationalism.

Isserman ( 2001 ) reports that the New Left " " came to use the word ' liberal ' as a political epithet.

By 1970, New Left proponents had adopted the term political correctness.

" The New Left later re-appropriated the term political correctness as satirical self-criticism ; per Debra Shultz: " Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives.

That March he began his political career with his first campaign for the Illinois General Assembly.

The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed intercolonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems themselves ; the Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it.

However, he was never able to make a living with his art, and, as he began to perceive most of the proletarian movement as " putting unfulfilled political ideals directly onto the canvas ", he lost his enthusiasm for painting.

A discussion about the methods of the political use of technology in the creation of a super-bomb began the ideological divergence between Andrei Sakharov and Nikita Khrushchev.

In the modern world, the killing of important people began to become more than a tool in power struggles between rulers themselves and was also used for political symbolism, such as in the propaganda of the deed.

As a result of the political and economical tensions brought on by the Cold War, on 13 August 1961, East Germany began building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin and similar barriers around West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961.

Thackeray began his professional career as a cartoonist with the English language daily the The Free Press Journal in Mumbai, but left it in 1960 to form his own political weekly Marmik.

The political terms of " modern ", " progressive " or " new " Liberalism began to appear in the mid to late 1880s and became increasingly common to denote the tendency in the Liberal Party to favour an increased role for the state as more important than the classical liberal stress on self-help and freedom of choice.

During the 1960s the political atmosphere began to gradually change, and attention was once again directed to Chaplin's films instead of his political views.

In 1980, after Tito's death, economic, political, and religious difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble.

After Stalin took political control of most of Eastern Europe and began to subvert other governments in the Balkans, Attlee's and Bevin's worst fears of Soviet intentions were realized.

The National Front system itself eventually began to be seen as a form of political repression by dissidents and even many mainstream voters, especially after wljhhat was apparently later confirmed as the fraudulent election of Conservative candidate Misael Pastrana in 1970, which resulted in the defeat of the relatively populist candidate Gustavo Rojas.

, two years after its implementation began, the security situation of inside Colombia has shown some measure of an improvement and the economy, while still fragile, has also shown some positive signs according to observers, but relatively little has yet to have been accomplished in structurally solving most of the country's other grave problems, possibly in part due to legislative and political conflicts between the administration and the Colombian Congress ( including those over the controversial project to eventually re-elect Uribe ), and a relative lack of freely allocated funds and credits.

While the term " liberal " had been used to describe all political forces in Colombia, the conservatives began describing themselves as " conservative liberals " and their opponents as " red liberals ".

In AD 40, Caligula began implementing very controversial policies that introduced religion into his political role.

Since the KMT had completed the first step of revolution through seizure of power in 1928, Chiang's rule thus began a period of what his party considered to be " political tutelage " in Sun Yat-sen's name.

The Soviet Union also began experiencing upheaval as the political consequences of glasnost reverberated throughout the country.

The line of Dalai Lamas began as a lineage of spiritual teachers ; the 5th Dalai Lama assumed political authority over Tibet.

The death of William III in 1702 once again created a political upheaval as the king was replaced by Queen Anne, who immediately began her offensive against Nonconformists.

Bellamy himself came to actively participate in the political movement which emerged around his book, particularly after 1891 when he founded his own magazine, The New Nation, and began to promote united action between the various Nationalist Clubs and the emerging People's Party.

Allen, whether motivated by patriotic impulses ( as he describes in his account of the events ), or by the realization that the action might improve the political position of his side in the grants disputes, agreed to help, and began rounding up the Green Mountain Boys.

The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former Karachi University professor of political science, began to pressure General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party.

During this time folk music began to become enmeshed with political and social activism themes and movements.