The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

Later, when Watterson was creating names for the characters in his comic strip, he allegedly decided upon Calvin ( after the Protestant reformer John Calvin ) and Hobbes ( after the social philosopher Thomas Hobbes ) as a " tip of the hat " to the political science department at Kenyon.

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* Avram Noam Chomsky ( born 1928 ), American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, political activist, author, lecturer, professor emeritus at < font color = 0 > MIT, known for early work in < font color = 0 > transformational grammar and < font color = 0 > A. I.

Prefect Orestes enjoyed the political backing of Hypatia, an astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had considerable moral authority in the city of Alexandria, and who had extensive influence.

But in a seminal article of 1881, " Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract ," the Oxford political philosopher Thomas Hill Green disputed this reasoning.

The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political principles of the Age of Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Swiss philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu.

The philosopher Adam Smith ( 1776 ) defined what was then called political economy as " an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations ", in particular as:

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Edinburgh's Enlightenment produced philosopher David Hume and the pioneer of political economy, Adam Smith.

According to political philosopher Nikolas Kompridis, the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals: freedom as autonomy, or independence ; and freedom as the ability to cooperatively initiate a new beginning.

Hayek is considered to be a major economist and political philosopher of the twentieth century.

It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

He served as research assistant for libertarian Republican Congressman Ron Paul in Paul's first term ( 1976 ), and he shared a small office with the staunchly Calvinistic political philosopher, John W. Robbins, who later became a noted anti-Van Til, pro-Clark presuppositional apologist, author, and publisher.

In remote Königsberg philosopher Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom, and political authority.

Herbert Marcuse (; July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979 ) was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

He was a friend and collaborator of the political sociologist Barrington Moore, Jr. and of the political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, and also a friend of the Columbia University sociology professor C. Wright Mills, one of the founders of the New Left movement.

* 1755 – Alexander Hamilton, Nevis born American Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher ; 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury ( d. 1804 )

* 1891 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian philosopher, and political theorist ( d. 1937 )

While in Paris, Rousseau became a close friend of French philosopher Diderot and, beginning with some articles on music in 1749, contributed numerous articles to Diderot and D ' Alembert's great Encyclopédie, the most famous of which was an article on political economy written in 1755.

As early as 1819, in his famous speech “ On Ancient and Modern Liberty ,” the political philosopher Benjamin Constant, a proponent of constitutional monarchy and representative democracy, criticized Rousseau, or rather his more radical followers ( specifically the Abbé de Mably ), for allegedly believing that " everything should give way to collective will, and that all restrictions on individual rights would be amply compensated by participation in social power .”

On similar grounds, one of Rousseau's strongest critics during the second half of the 20th century was political philosopher Hannah Arendt.

But political debate was cut short throughout the South with Northern abolitionist John Brown's 1859 raid at Harpers Ferry Armory in an attempt to incite slave insurrections.

* Absalom and Achitophel ( 1681 ) is a landmark poetic political satire by John Dryden.

* 1961 – John Podhoretz, American columnist and political pundit

Although Disraeli forged a personal friendship with John Bright, a Lancashire manufacturer and leading Radical, Disraeli was unable to convince Bright to sacrifice principle for political gain.

In the 1929 general election he made a final bid to return the Liberals to the political mainstream, with an ambitious programme of state stimulation of the economy called We Can Conquer Unemployment !, largely written for him by the Liberal economist John Maynard Keynes.

In April 1823, US Secretary of State John Quincy Adams discussed the rules of political gravitation, in a theory often referred to as the " ripe fruit theory ".

" American political scientists John R. Oneal and Bruce M. Russett, well known for their work on the democratic peace theory, state:

Beginning with John the Faster, the Bishop of Constantinople ( John IV, 582-595 ) adopted as a formal title for himself the by-then-customary honorific, Ecumenical Patriarch (" pre-eminent father for the civilized world ") over the strong objections of Rome: a title based on the political prestige of Constantinople and its economic and cultural centrality in the Empire.

The public role adopted by Sir John Kerr was curtailed considerably after the constitutional crisis of 1975 ; Sir William Deane's public statements on political issues produced some hostility towards him ; and some charities disassociated themselves from Peter Hollingworth after the issue of his management of sex abuse cases during his time as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane became a matter of controversy.

However, as political pressure in favor of further reform had risen over the twenty years since 1832, John Russell had changed his mind.

John MacLean emerged as a key political figure in what became known as Red Clydeside, and in January 1919, the British Government, fearful of a revolutionary uprising, deployed tanks and soldiers in central Glasgow.

The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi.

* John Ford ( minister ) ( 1767 – 1826 ), American political and religious ( Methodist ) leader in South Carolina ( two terms in state legislature ) and Mississippi Territory

* John Salmon Ford ( 1815 – 1897 ), American political figure in Texas ; best known as " Rip " Ford ; served in state Congress and Senate ; veteran of Mexican War and Civil War

* John Ford ( Oklahoma politician ) ( born 1945 ), American political figure ; elected 2004 as Republican member of Oklahoma State Senate ; chairman of Education Committee

* John David Ford, Canadian political figure ; Green Party leader in Ottawa South ; candidate in 2004 and 2006 federal elections ( Ontario electoral reform referendum, 2007 )

Sir John Tenniel ( Bayswater, London, 28 February 1820 – 25 February 1914 ) was a British illustrator, graphic humourist and political cartoonist whose work was prominent during the second half of England ’ s 19th century.

As the influential result of his position as the chief cartoon artist for Punch ( published 1841 – 1992, 1996 – 2002 ), John Tenniel, through satirical, often radical and at times vitriolic images of the world, for five decades was and remained Great Britain ’ s steadfast social witness to the sweeping national changes in that nation ’ s moment of political and social reform.

Early tributes as to what Tenniel in his role as a national observer meant to the British nation around the time of his death came in as high praise ; in 1914 New York Tribune journalist George W. Smalley referred to John Tenniel as “ one of the greatest intellectual forces of his time, ( who ) understood social laws and political energies .”

* 1998 – During a historic visit to Cuba, Pope John Paul II demands the release of political prisoners and political reforms while condemning US attempts to isolate the country.