However, Photius enjoined the support of the Emperor and responded by calling a Council and excommunicating the pope.

He was also on one occasion chided by Rome's social leaders for refusing to make his ( Pius X's ) peasant sisters papal countesses, to which he responded ' I have made them sisters of the pope ; what more can I do for them?

The pope offered Richard the crown of Sicily, but according to Matthew Paris he responded to the extortionate price by saying, " You might as well say, ' I make you a present of the moon — step up to the sky and take it down '.

The pope responded that the real power should have the royal title as well.

The pope responded with a promise to send a fleet to Albania – even though the enemy was on land – but it did not arrive.

the pope was playing a dangerous game, with so many balls in the air at once that a misstep would bring them all about his ears, and his only hope was to temporize so that he could take advantage of every change in the delicate balance of European affairs.

In abbeys exempt from the ( arch ) bishop's diocesan jurisdiction, the confirmation and benediction had to be conferred by the pope in person, the house being taxed with the expenses of the new abbot's journey to Rome.

Popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots, and the king in France, with the exception of Cluny, Premontré and other houses, chiefs of their order.

Persons who claim to be pope, but have few followers, such as the modern sedevacantist antipopes, are not classified with the historical antipopes.

According to Asser, because of Pope Marinus ’ friendship with King Alfred, the pope granted an exemption to any Anglo-Saxons residing within Rome from tax or tribute.

The arrangement mirrors the one designed by Bernini for the Tomb of Urban VIII ( 1628 – 47 ), with a central hieratic sculpture of the pope seated in full regalia and offering a hand of blessing, while at his feet, two allegorical female figures flank his sarcophagus.

Other reforms included the always delicate matters with the pope.

René, whose possession included now only part of the Abruzzi and Naples, obtained 10, 000 men from the pope, but the cardinal leading them signed a truce with Alfonso.

Following his election as pope, John spent a year in Bologna and then joined forces with Louis II of Anjou to march against Ladislaus.

In 893, a new pope, Formosus, not trusting the newly crowned co-emperors Guy and Lambert, sent an embassy to Omuntesberch, where Arnulf was holding a Diet with Svatopluk, to request Arnulf come and liberate Italy, where he would be crowned in Rome.

Then the archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen had a falling-out with the pope and in 1105 a separate archbishopric for the North was established in Lund.

In the Catholic Church the Congregation for Bishops oversees the selection of new bishops with the approval of the pope.

This also applies in those Eastern churches which are in union with the pope, though it is required that he give assent.

The church was enriched with gifts from the pope, and Henry II had it dedicated in honor of him.

But as the pope gained greater political independence, the right of election was with the bull In nomine Domini reserved to cardinals in 1059, leaving the emperor only with a vague right of approbation.

Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.

In the past, during papal coronations, the Proto-Deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara.

To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal ( as with a bishop's episcopal ring ).

The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it is a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side.

Cardinals have in canon law a " privilege of forum " ( i. e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank ): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction ( cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed ).

He acquaints the pope with the imputations brought against him, and he is particularly severe with the memory of Pope Vigilius.

Paul IV's 1559 bull, Cum ex apostolatus officio, stipulated that a heretic cannot be elected pope, while Canon 188. 4 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law provides that a cleric who publicly defects from the Catholic faith automatically loses any office he had held in the Church.

On 26 January 1347 the pope issued the bull establishing a university in Prague, modeled on the University of Paris, with the full ( 4 ) number of faculties, that is including theological.

" He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France, and to depose the entire clergy of France, when in September 1303, William Nogaret, the strongest critic of the Papacy in the French inner circle, led a delegation to Rome, with intentionally loose orders by the king to bring the pope, if necessary by force, before a council to rule on the charges brought against him.

This time, it had the full support of the king and the English hierarchy, and a grateful pope issued the bull of canonization on 7 February 1161, the result of a conjunction of the interests of Westminster Abbey, King Henry II and Pope Alexander III He was called ' Confessor ' as the name for someone who was believed to have lived a saintly life but was not a martyr or churchman.

The pope issued a bull of deposition in favour of Afonso, who reached Lisbon in 1246 ; and after a civil war lasting two years Sancho II retired to Toledo, where he died in January 1248.

In 1588, however, the pope issued the papal bull, " Effraenatam " ( Without Restraint ), which declared that the canonical penalty of excommunication would be levied for any form of contraception and for abortions at any stage in fetal development.

On 23 July 1431, his legate Giuliano Cesarini opened the council, which had been convoked by Martin V, but, distrustful of its purposes and emboldened by the small attendance, the pope issued a bull on 18 December 1431 that dissolved the council and called a new one to meet in eighteen months at Bologna.

By its terms, the Pope recalled his bull of dissolution, and, reserving all the rights of the Holy See, acknowledged the council as ecumenical on 15 December 1433 except for the initial unapproved sessions that contained canons which exalted conciliar authority above that of the pope.

Louis XIV and his grandson, Philip V of Spain, now asked the pope to issue a papal bull condemning the practice of maintaining a respectful silence as to the issue of the infallibility of the Church in matters of dogmatic fact.

Louis also sought the dissolution of Port-Royal-des-Champs, the stronghold of Jansenist thought, and this was achieved in 1708, when the pope issued a bull dissolving Port-Royal-des-Champs.

He therefore refused to accept the bull and instead sought clarifications from the pope.

* Papal bull, a decree issued by a pope

On 16 March 1095 the pope even issued a bull, Cum universis sancte, granting the king and queen of Aragon immunity from excommunication without the permission of the pope.

Abandoned by a number of his cardinals, condemned by most of the powers, deprived of his dominions by condottieri who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession, and ended on 15 December 1433 with a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a Papal bull, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of dissolution null and void, and recognising that the synod as legitimately assembled throughout.

The pope threatened an interdict on England as a punishment if the papal bull was not obeyed.

On 29 April the Portuguese were out of money, but got a sought bull signed by the pope, who sent back rich gifts to king Manuel.

Adolphus III ( d. 1225 ), his successor, received Dithmarschen in fee from the emperor Frederick I, but in 1203 the fortunes of war compelled him to surrender Holstein to Valdemar II of Denmark who mandated Albert of Orlamünde, the cession being confirmed in a Golden bull by the emperor Frederick II in 1214 and the pope in 1217, thus provoking the nobles in Holstein.

Clericis laicos was a Papal bull issued on February 5, 1296 by Pope Boniface VIII in an attempt to prevent the secular states of Europe, in particular France and England, from appropriating church revenues without the express prior permission of the pope.

In the first year of Henry IV Chicheley was parson of Sherston, Wiltshire, and prebendary of Nantgwyly in the college of Abergwilly, Wales ; on 23 February 1401 / 2, now called doctor of laws, he was pardoned for bringing in, and allowed to use, a bull of the pope providing to him the chancellorship of Salisbury Cathedral, and canonries in the nuns ' churches of Shaftesbury and Wilton in that diocese ; and on 9 January 1402 / 3 he was archdeacon of Salisbury.

The town is first mentioned in historical records in 1158, in a bull of pope Adrian IV, with which the abbey of Monte Sacro obtained privileges on the church of St. Peter e St. Mary near the " castellum capralis ", a location identifiable as the municipality, as subsequently confirmed from historical documents.

Several of the bishops united both offices: Wilcharius ( 764-780 ), previously Archbishop of Vienne, whence he had been driven by the Moors ; St. Alteus, who received from the pope a bull of exemption in favor of the monastery ( 780 ); Aimo II, son of Count Humbert I of Savoy, who entertained Leo IX at Saint-Maurice in 1049.