Several saints and six popes have borne this name, including the only English pope, Adrian IV, and the only Dutch pope, Adrian VI.

The German Kings had been the worst offenders, naming not only bishops, but popes as well.

Similar editions had appeared for Aeschylus and Sophoclesthe only plays of theirs that survive today: " The rise of Goths and Tartars throughout the Roman world from the gutter to the throne, the destruction of libraries by choleric and fanatical popes and emperors, were unfavourable to the progress but not entirely fatal to the preservation of literary studies.

People call priests, bishops, and popes the Church, but they only serve the Church.

Of all the reformers who preceded Martin Luther, Wycliffe put most emphasis on Scripture: " Even though there were a hundred popes and though every mendicant monk were a cardinal, they would be entitled to confidence only insofar as they accorded with the Bible.

The papal register, a listing of letters sent out by the popes, describes him as an " abbot in Frankia " in its description of the correspondence, but the letter itself only says " abbot ".

Peter never bore the title of " pope ", which came into use three centuries later, but Catholics traditionally recognize him as the first pope, while official declarations of the Church only speak of the popes as holding within the college of the Bishops a role analogous to that held by Peter within the college of the Apostles, of which the college of the Bishops, a distinct entity, is the successor.

The conflict between popes and secular autocratic rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Henry I of England, known as the question of investiture, was only resolved in 1122, by the Concordat of Worms, in which the pope decreed that clerics were to be invested by clerical leaders, and temporal rulers by lay investiture.

Pope Adrian VI was born in the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht in the Low Countries, and he was the last non-Italian Pope until Pope John Paul II, 455 years later, and is, together with Pope Marcellus II, one of only two modern popes to retain his baptismal name after election.

One of the youngest popes, he was the only man to have been Pope on more than one occasion and the only man ever to have sold the papacy.

Although it is often said that Celestine is the only pope to resign voluntarily, in fact, other popes have similarly abdicated of their own will.

He was not a cardinal, one of only a few popes since his time that have not been Cardinals, including Urban V and Urban VI.

They elected Antipope Alexander V, only worsening the situation, because he was not acknowledged by his two rivals and from 1409 to 1417, when there were three popes.

Antichristus ( 1521 ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance. During this period the city of Avignon itself was added to the Papal States ; it remained a papal possession even after the popes returned to Rome, being seized and incorporated into the by then unitary French state only during the French Revolution.

He carried his enquiries so far into the occult sciences of abstruse and hidden nature, that, after having given most ample proofs, by his writings concerning physiognomy, geomancy, and chiromancy, he moved on to the study of philosophy, physics, and astrology ; which studies proved so advantageous to him, that, not to speak of the two first, which introduced him to all the popes of his time, and acquired him a reputation among learned men, it is certain that he was a great master in the latter, which appears not only by the astronomical figures he had painted in the great hall of the palace at Padua, and the translations he made of the books of the most learned rabbi Abraham Aben Ezra, added to those he himself composed on critical days, and the improvement of astronomy, but by the testimony of the renowned mathematician Regiomontanus, who made a fine panegyric on him, in quality of an astrologer, in the oration he delivered publicly at Padua when he explained there the book of Alfraganus.

At first, Ralph depended only on the king to demand Thurstan to submit, but later he appealed to the popes to force Thurstan to obey.

Although his religious poems sufficiently prove the sincerity of his Catholicism, he remained to the end of his days opposed to the extreme claims of the popes, whom he attacks with a bitterness which can be justified only by the strength of his patriotic feelings.

Although claimed by one sedevacantist group that Siri had actually been elected to the papacy in 1958 and 1963, only to be displaced by Angelo Roncalli ( Pope John XXIII ) and then Giovanni Battista Montini ( Pope Paul VI ), Siri entirely submitted to the authority of the official popes and remained in full communion with the Church, refusing to support any sedevacantist organization.

Not only does Andrews provide service for America's senior officials, but also kings, queens, presidents, prime ministers, popes, and local and foreign military leaders make Andrews AFB their first stop in the United States.

He is clearly quoting a writer who was at Rome in the time of Anicetus and made a list of popes A list which has some curious agreements with Epiphanius in that it extends only to Anicetus, is found in the poem of Pseudo-Tertullian against Marcion ; apparently Epiphanius has mistaken Marcion for " Marcellina ".

Within Catholicism in recent times, an encyclical is generally used for significant issues, and is second in importance only to the highest ranking document now issued by popes, an Apostolic Constitution.

# St. Peter and the popes, his successors, and the Church itself have dominion from God only over things spiritual and not over things temporal and civil.

They said that the popes had found it impossible to recall to their allegiance and to due respect for ecclesiastical discipline the Frankish lords who had possessed themselves of episcopal sees ; that these lords, insensible to censures and anathemas, rude and untaught, recognized no authority but that of force ; and that the popes had, therefore, granted to Carloman, Pepin, and Charlemagne a spiritual authority which they were to exercise only under papal control.

( The Western Schism had begun in 1378 and there were two competing popes at the time, one in Avignon supported by France and Spain, and one in Rome supported by most of Italy, Germany and England.

About the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the popes, then residing at Avignon in France, began to reserve the collation of a great many benefices, so that all the benefices, especially the greater ones, were to be conferred through the Roman Curia ( Lega, Praelectiones Jur.

Formerly these offices as well as those of the other chancery officers from the Regent down were occasions of venality, until popes, especially Benedict XIV and Pius VII, gradually abolish that.

During the Western Schism many cardinals were created by the contending popes.

Monarchs were excluded from selecting popes.

After thirty years of schism, the Council of Pisa had sought to resolve the situation by deposing the two claimant popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V. The council claimed that in such a situation, a council of bishops had greater authority than just one bishop, even if he were the bishop of Rome.

Two members of the family, were popes as Leo X and Clement VII in the early 16th century.

The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were French, such as Philip IV's puppet Bertrand de Goth, Pope Clement V.

Their presence further east had already displaced the Khwarazmians, and embassies had been sent by various popes as well as Louis IX to ally or negotiate with them, but they were uninterested in alliances.

The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil.

Her parents ' forces were used to protect these popes and fight against antipopes.

Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy continued, and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly.

The popes condemned misunderstandings and abuses, but were too pressed for income to exercise effective control over indulgences.

Even Catholics don't all agree whether certain historical figures were popes or antipopes.

Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John were John XXII ( 1316 – 1334 ) and John XXI ( 1276 – 1277 ).

Originally, they were not otherwise distinguished, as regnal numbering was not applied to popes until the 10th century.

Over these extensive and mountainous territories the medieval popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty, given the pressures of the times, and the new Papal States preserved the old Lombard heritage of many small counties and marquisates, each centered upon a fortified rocca.

Some versions of the legend suggest that subsequent popes were subjected to an examination whereby, having sat on a dung chair containing a hole called sedia stercoraria, a cardinal had to reach up and establish that the new pope had testicles, before announcing " Duos habet et bene pendentes " (" He has two, and they dangle nicely "), or " habet " (" he has ' em ") for short.

Popes Martin IV – V were actually the second and third popes by that name.

He and the French popes who succeeded him were completely under the influence of the kings of France.

Pope Boniface VIII claimed that the popes were the final authority over both the church and the state.