Baldassarre Cossa ( c. 1370 – 21 December 1418 ) was Pope John XXIII ( 1410 – 1415 ) during the Western Schism.

A number of conflicts with Western Christianity over questions of doctrine and authority culminated in the Great Schism.

Constantine's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch, a situation that contributed to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards.

During the Western Schism many cardinals were created by the contending popes.

* Oddone Colonna, who ended the Western Schism as Pope Martin V ( elected in 1417 ).

Following Gregory's death and during the Western Schism of 1378 she was an adherent of Pope Urban VI, who summoned her to Rome, and stayed at Pope Urban VI's court and tried to convince nobles and cardinals of his legitimacy.

The problems of the Western Schism would trouble her until the end of her life.

This would pave the way for the end of the Western Schism.

Category: Western Schism

** Council of Pisa ( 1409 ) attempted to solve the Great Western Schism. The council is not numbered because it was not convened by a pope and its outcome was repudiated at Constance.

Council of Constance ( 1414 – 1418 ) resolved the Great Western Schism and condemned John Hus.

The sometimes subtle differences between Eastern and Western conceptions of authority and its exercise produced a gradually widening rift between the Churches which continued with some occasional relief throughout the following centuries until the final rupture of the Great Schism ( marked by two dates: 16 July 1054, and the Council of Florence in 1439 ).

* The Western Schism, a split within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417

* 1409 – Western Schism: the Roman Catholic church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon.

An independent continuation appeared in the reign of Pope Eugene IV ( 1431 – 1447 ), appending biographies from Pope Urban V ( 1362 – 1370 ) to Pope Martin V ( 1417 – 1431 ), encompassing the period of the Western Schism.

The Western Schism lasted from 1378 to 1417.

Various anti-popes challenged papal authority, especially during the Western Schism ( 1378 – 1417 ).

This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen ; previous Popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism.

His election effectively ended the Western Schism ( 1378 – 1417 ).

Category: Western Schism

Pope Boniface IX ( c. 1350 – 1 October 1404 ), born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism, from 2 November 1389 until his death.

Pressure for an ecumenical council also grew as the only way to breach the Western Schism, but the conciliar movement made no headway during Boniface's papacy.

Subsequently, the Western Schism created by the selection of rival popes forced the people of Europe into a dilemma of papal allegiance.

The chaos of the Western Schism thus brought about reforming councils and gave them the power over who was elected, replacing ( for a time ) the College of Cardinals.

Her impact in the zing commercials had led to her being considered for an excellent part in an upcoming TV series, Underwater Western Eye, a documentary-type show to be sponsored by Oatnut Grits.

Starting in great force late in December, from a line stretching from East Prussia to Budapest, the Red armies had swept two hundred miles across Poland to the Oder, thirty miles from Berlin, and the Upper Danube region was being rapidly overrun, while the Western Allies had not yet occupied all of the left bank of the Rhine.

Though little democracy had ever been practised in this region, and much of it was still ruled by feudalistic means, it was taken for granted that at least the forms of Western democracy would be established in this area and Western capitalism preserved within it.

Also war-time propaganda and cooperation had `` obscured the differences between Russian and Western ideas of democracy '', and it seemed better to have them covered by verbal formulae than to imperil the military victories over Germany and Japan.

Two companies now had headquarters with Clark J. Wait, who by then had his own drugstore at Factory Point -- the `` Northern Union Telegraph Company '' and the `` Western Union ''.

Each time his objective had been the same -- a direct water passage from Western Europe to the Far East.

On Big Stone Lake near the headwaters of the Red River, Robert Dickson, Superintendent of the Western Indian Department of Canada, had a trading post and planned in 1818 to build a fort to be defended by twenty men and two small artillery pieces.

A Western cowpony had outrun an African lion, from a standing start.

After the usual Honorable Sirs, it went on to say that there had been set off to the widow one full third part of the real estate of the deceased Salu Norberg, one lower room, on the Western side, privileges to the well and bake-oven and to one third of the cellar ( I can show you the cellar when we go up ), also one Cow Right, and lastly they set off to the widow her own land that she brought with her as dower, namely the Beech Pasture.

it had a look of grim stark realism, resembling other cities whose habitual climate was cold, instead of the sprawling bumptious open-handed greedy Western city basking in eternal sunshine at the foot of mountains stored with endless riches and resources.

He made use of the time by undertaking far more intensive fieldwork than had been done by British anthropologists, and his classic ethnography, Argonauts of the Western Pacific ( 1922 ) advocated an approach to fieldwork that became standard in the field: getting " the native's point of view " through participant observation.

On attaining his majority at the age of 21 in 1262, Alexander declared his intention of resuming the projects on the Western Isles which the death of his father thirteen years before had cut short.

After bribing the Western troops who had guarded the city, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered the capital victoriously on April 1, 1081.

Yusuf ibn Tashfin had in the meantime brought what is now known as Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauretania into complete subjection.

In the years before the Tokugawa shogunate, that innovative daimyo from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain ( Mexico ) and the Philippines ; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.

The name " Apus " is derived from the Greek " apous ", meaning " without feet ", which referred to the Western conception of a bird-of-paradise as one without feet, a misconception perpetuated by the fact that the only specimens available in the West had both feet and wings removed.

The army report that day contains only one phrase: “ All quiet on the Western Front .” As Paul dies, his face is calm, “ as though almost glad the end had come .”

The Second French Empire, his Western European model, had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War by the North German Confederation under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia.

His non-violent resistance movement satyagraha had an immense impact on India, impressed public opinion in Western countries and influenced the leaders of various civil and political rights movements such as Martin Luther King, Jr.

By the end of 1898, Western pilgrims started coming to Akka on pilgrimage to visit ` Abdu ' l-Bahá ; this group of pilgrims, including Phoebe Hearst, was the first time that Bahá ' ís raised up in the West had met ` Abdu ' l-Bahá.

It was part of the ' Big Push ' ( later known as the Battle of the Somme ) that was intended to force the German Army into a retreat from the Western Front, a line they had held since late 1914.