The lack of scientific unanimity on the effects of radiation is due in part to insufficient data covering large population groups, from which agreed-on generalizations could be drawn.

( See Source of Data, below for population data to be used in this step.

These changes represent, in effect, a shift from ( 1 ) an administrative compilation of data obtained through procedures designed primarily to serve political and economic objectives to ( 2 ) a systematic sampling census of the whole African population.

As with many other game species, the best sources of historical and large scale population data are hunting bag records and questionnaires.

Such studies are often used to determine the genes implicated in a disorder: one might compare microarray data from cancerous epithelial cells to data from non-cancerous cells to determine the transcripts that are up-regulated and down-regulated in a particular population of cancer cells.

By making these data available to local public health officials in real time, most models of anthrax epidemics indicate that more than 80 % of an exposed population can receive antibiotic treatment before becoming symptomatic, and thus avoid the moderately high mortality of the disease.

The modern census is essential to international comparisons of any kind of statistics and censuses collect data on many attributes of the population, not just how many people they are, although population estimates remain an important function of the census.

Thereby more data is collected but not imposing a burden on the whole population.

Although the census provides a useful way of obtaining statistical information about a population, such information can sometimes lead to abuses, political or otherwise, made possible by the linking of individuals ' identities to anonymous census data.

Data collected include population data ( citizenship, place of residence, place of birth, position in household, number of children, religion, languages, education, profession, place of work, etc.

Recent studies, based on a larger data set, indicate the cut-off inclination of 12 ° ( instead of 5 °) between the cold and hot populations while confirming the distinction between the homogenous red cold population and the bluish hot population.

Descriptive statistics are distinguished from inferential statistics ( or inductive statistics ), in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent.

Among the kinds of data that national leaders need are the demographic statistics of their population.

A useful summary of such data is the population pyramid.

It provides data about the sex and age distribution of the population in an accessible graphical format.

In statistics, data sets usually come from actual observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, and each row corresponds to the observations on one element of that population.

According to data from Statistics Estonia, the population of Estonia is shrinking.

That amount represents 20 % of the United States population and 16 % of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI.

This is the use of the factor n-1 in the denominator of the formula, rather than just n. This occurs when the sample mean rather than the population mean is used to centre the data and since the sample mean is a linear combination of the data the residual to the sample mean overcounts the number of degrees of freedom by the number of constraint equations — in this case one.

In the early days of a homogeneous population, the public school was quite satisfactory.

They, however much they were in disagreement with the late Victorians over the method by which Britain was Germanized, agreed with them that the end result was the complete extinction of the previous Celtic population and civilization.

In Gaul the Saxon element on its Saxon Shore was plainly visible because there the Saxons were an intrusive element in the population.

An aggressor would use an agent against which there was a minimal naturally acquired or artificially induced immunity in a target population.

No epidemic was initiated nor was one expected because the population in City A was not lousy.

On the other hand, a similar attack might have been made on City B whose population was known to be lousy.

In 1922 a continuous registration of the whole indigenous population was instituted by ordinance of the Governor-General, and the periodic compilation of these records was ordered.

The sampling program was instituted before the principles of probability sampling were widely recognized in population studies.

The distinction between domiciled ( de jure ) and present ( de facto ) population was not clearly defined.

But the information on the dynamics of population was often quite misleading.

About 11 percent of the total population was covered in the new investigation, as compared with about 3 percent in the previous inquiries.

It was possible to maintain aerobic conditions in the pond by regular additions of sodium nitrate until the temperature decreased and the algae population changed from blue-green to green algae.

Negro population in the U.S. has increased 25 per cent while the white population was growing by 18 per cent.

Swift was especially insulted by projects that tried to fix population and labor issues with a simple cure-all solution.

According to the 2010 revison of the World Population Prospects the total population was 19 082 000 in 2010, compared to only 4 148 000 in 1950.

Most of the population lives in the western and northwestern parts of the country, where the two major cities, Yerevan and Gyumri ( which was called Aleksandropol ' during the tsarist period ), are located.

Most of Armenia's ethnic Azeri population was deported in 1988 – 1989 and remain refugees, largely in Azerbaijan.

The Germanic elites were Arians, and the majority population was Nicene.

The low number of abnormalities compares favourably with the health condition of a Majungasaurus population of which it in 2007 was established that 19 % of individuals showed bone pathologies.

In a culture that set a high value on oratory and public performances of all kinds, in which the production of books was very labor-intensive, the majority of the population was illiterate, and where those with the leisure to enjoy literary works also had slaves to read for them, written texts were more likely to be seen as scripts for recitation than as vehicles of silent reflection.

Like Upper Canada, there was political unrest and a rebellion challenged the British rule of the predominantly French population.

This figure has been challenged on a number of occasions with alternative figures of 430 survivors from a population of around 800 being given.

For these and other reasons, the establishment of the county was challenged by the state government and the government of Nye County, and the Nevada district court found it to be in violation of the state constitution due of its zero population size.

As a consequence, the local population had a long tradition of resistance to the former French colonial administration, while communist revolutionary elements later challenged repeated attempts by the South Vietnamese military to bring the province under the control of the central government in Saigon.

Malthouse challenged the results of the 2001 population census, which he said seriously underestimated the population of the City of Westminster.

In All You Can Eat, McQuaig challenged the system of regressive taxation that led to the unequaled accumulation of wealth by the top 1 % of the Canadian population since the early 1980s.

These reports have been challenged by some modern scholars who, based primarily on archaeological finds, argue that many rural inhabitants of the Roman province, and even some urban population, with few links to the Roman administration or army, remained behind.

The validity of these polls, much touted by the media, was however challenged by some candidate organizations since they were conducted on the whole population of Quebec, rather than the actual voter pool, the legal members of the Parti Québécois.