The counter that when attempting to find the correct object of understanding-which is a mere absence or mere negation of impossible modes of existence-one should not use positivist statements about the nature of reality.

It removes our present expression and shows that the badness we meant would not be affected by this, whereas on positivist grounds it should be.

It ideally removes the past event, and shows that this would render false what we mean to say, whereas on positivist grounds it should not.

Weber is not a positivist – in the sense that he does not believe we can find out " facts " in sociology that can be causally linked.

" The positivist consolidated above all the idea that the Republic could not be just a coup d ' etat, and that maybe, we should dispense with revolutionary intentions.

Seeking to say something ' meaningful ' about the problems recognised through quantitative methods, to provide explanations rather than descriptions, to put forward alternatives and solutions and to be politically engaged, rather than the detachment associated with positivist methods.

There are three main interpretations of Hume's theory of causation represented in the literature: ( 1 ) the logical positivist ; ( 2 ) the skeptical realist ; and ( 3 ) the quasi-realist.

Radbruch's theories are posited against the positivist " pure legal tenets " represented by Hans Kelsen and, to some extent, also from Georg Jellinek.

Many of these ethical assumptions are rooted in positivist and post-positivist epistemologies that have adapted over time, but nonetheless are apparent and must be accounted for in all research paradigms.

However, two positivist schools of thought are most prevalent: realism and liberalism ; though increasingly, constructivism is becoming mainstream.

Positivist and post positivist paradigms share commensurable assumptions but are largely incommensurable with critical, constructivist, and participatory paradigms.

In positivist research, statistics derived from a sample are analysed in order to draw inferences regarding the population as a whole.

The first, and probably most common, is the positivist approach, in which evaluation can only occur where there are “ objective ”, observable and measurable aspects of a program, requiring predominantly quantitative evidence.

The Americans being positivist and attempting to develop intermediate level theories that are supported by some form of quantitative evidence.

In his 1955 William James lecture series, which were later published under the title How to Do Things with Words, Austin argued against a positivist philosophical claim that the utterances always " describe " or " constate " something and are thus always true or false.

Austin took a positivist approach to jurisprudence ; he viewed the law as commands from a sovereign that are backed by a threat of sanction.

This is much the opposite of theory-driven, hypothesis-testing research methods that are based on the positivist epistemology.

First, some researchers have criticized that within qualitative research there are those that dismiss anything but positivist notions of validity and reliability.

Jürgen Habermas argues, in his On the Logic of the Social Sciences ( 1967 ), that " the positivist thesis of unified science, which assimilates all the sciences to a natural-scientific model, fails because of the intimate relationship between the social sciences and history, and the fact that they are based on a situation-specific understanding of meaning that can be explicated only hermeneutically ... access to a symbolically prestructured reality cannot be gained by observation alone.

Jürgen Habermas argues, in his On the Logic of the Social Sciences ( 1967 ), that " the positivist thesis of unified science, which assimilates all the sciences to a natural-scientific model, fails because of the intimate relationship between the social sciences and history, and the fact that they are based on a situation-specific understanding of meaning that can be explicated only hermeneutically ... access to a symbolically prestructured reality cannot be gained by observation alone.

Logical positivist philosopher A. J. Ayer stated in Language, Truth and Logic ( 1936 ) that moral judgements are pure expressions of feeling.

So far as I can see, there is only one way out for the positivist.

The concept first popularized by Karl Popper, who, in his philosophical criticism of the popular positivist view of the scientific method, concluded that a hypothesis, proposition, or theory talks about the observable only if it is falsifiable.

Post-processualist Daniel Miller believed that the positivist approach of the processualists, in holding that only that which could be sensed, tested and predicted was valid, only sought to produce technical knowledge that facilitated the oppression of ordinary people by elites.

First it is empiricist and positivist: there is knowledge only from experience Second, the scientific world-conception is marked by the application of a certain method, namely logical analysis.

In contrast to this positivist view, he argues, sentences with truth-values form only a small part of the range of utterances.

Kelsen is a ' legal positivist ' both in that he excludes evaluation from legal science, through a strict separation of ' is ' and ' ought ', and in that he considers only positive law to be law.

He considered that « satisfactory interpretation of universe, even positivist, must cover not only outward but also inner side of things, not only matter but also spirit too.

The positivist theory would here distort our meaning beyond recognition.

Though technology plays a minor role, the novel is largely concerned with philosophical questions about our desire to control our destiny, with Haber's positivist approach pitted against a Taoist equanimity.

This fictional history, initially drafted on parchment, was carved in stone and cast in metal ; it " has rooted itself in our perception to such an extent that no positivist criticisms can make humanity doubt its veracity.

On the positivist theory, everything I sought to express by calling it evil in the first case is still present in the second.

Consider what follows from the positivist view.

During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.

In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist.

As Whorf became more influenced by positivist science he also distanced himself from some approaches to language and meaning that he saw as lacking in rigor and insight.

But John Austin ( 1790 – 1859 ), an early positivist, applied utilitarianism in accepting the calculating nature of human beings and the existence of an objective morality.

Until recently, Hume was seen as a forerunner of the logical positivist movement ; a form of anti-metaphysical empiricism.

The logical positivist interpretation is that Hume analyses causal propositions, such as " A caused B ", in terms of regularities in perception: " A caused B " is equivalent to " Whenever A-type events happen, B-type ones follow ", where " whenever " refers to all possible perceptions.

He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his day, yet he elaborated critiques of historicism and of psychologism in logic.

Hotly disputed is the question whether Radbruch was a legal positivist before 1933 and executed an about-face in his thinking due to the advent of Nazism, or whether he continued to develop, under the impression of Nazi crimes, the relativistic values-teaching he had already been advocating before 1933.

Much of the development during the quantitative revolution is now apparent in the use of Geographic information systems ; the use of statistics, spatial modelling and positivist approaches is still important to many branches of human geography.

* Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory ( 1941 ), Presents the Hegelian Perspective along with a critique of Marxism and positivist philosophy .< ref name = oxfordref >" Marcuse, Herbert " A Dictionary of Sociology.

The early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law.

Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.

Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work.

The positivist view on law can be seen to cover two broad principles: Firstly, that laws may seek to enforce justice, morality, or any other normative end, but their success or failure in doing so does not determine their validity.