This argument is the direct predecessor of modern ideas of a brain in a vat and many popular conceptions of cyberspace take Descartes's ideas as their starting point.

In physics, the dyne ( symbol " dyn ", from Greek δύναμις ( dynamis ) meaning power, force ) is a unit of force specified in the centimetre-gram-second ( CGS ) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI.

Fossil collecting, as practiced by amateurs, is the predecessor of modern paleontology and many still collect fossils and study fossils as amateurs.

The Chinese fire lance was the direct predecessor to the modern concept of the firearm.

Another important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace ( Landfrieden ) for all of the Empire, an attempt to ( on the one hand ) abolish private feuds not only between the many dukes, but on the other hand a means to tie the Emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts — a predecessor of the modern concept of " rule of law ".

There is no proof that Herodotus derived the ambitious scope of his own work, with its grand theme of civilizations in conflict, from any predecessor, despite much scholarly speculation about this in modern times.

Ricardo's theory was a predecessor of the modern theory that equilibrium prices are determined solely by production costs associated with " neo-Ricardianism ".

Early records on medicine have been discovered from ancient Egyptian medicine, Babylonian medicine, Ayurvedic medicine ( in the Indian subcontinent ), classical Chinese medicine ( predecessor to the modern traditional Chinese Medicine ), and ancient Greek medicine and Roman medicine.

* 1868 – Decoration Day ( the predecessor of the modern " Memorial Day ") is observed in the United States for the first time ( By " Commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic " John A. Logan's proclamation on May 5 ).

1704 proposal of a flag for the Union of Crowns, a predecessor of the modern Union Flag ( introduced 1801 ).

These are commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe, while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, were barefoot.

Homo erectus, the predecessor of modern humans, became a " tool equipped savanna dweller.

Both of these predecessor organizations began as Christian Unitarian and Christian Universalist denominations ; but modern Unitarian Universalists define themselves as non-creedal, and therefore they are not limited to Christian beliefs or affinities, but may also draw wisdom from other religions and philosophies as well, such as Humanism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Earth-centered spirituality, among others, or different combinations of them.

During the Middle Ages, both men and women wore pattens, commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe, while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, were barefoot.

Despite the legal usage of the Old Ruthenian language ( the predecessor of both modern Belarusian and Ukrainian languages ) which was used as a chancellery language in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the literature was mostly non-existent, outside of several chronicles.

Until the 17th century, the Ruthenian language, the predecessor of modern Belarusian, was used in Grand Duchy as a chancery language, that is the language used for official documents.

Among many schools established in that time, the Kiev-Mogila Collegium ( the predecessor of modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ), founded by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mogila ( Petro Mohyla ), was the most important.

This predecessor to the modern game of squash, rackets, is played with wooden rackets.

His Baseball Abstract books in the 1980s are the modern predecessor to websites using sabermetrics such as Baseball Prospectus and Baseball Primer ( now Baseball Think Factory ).

A predecessor of the modern match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur were used in China in AD 577.

Spa tourism can probably be considered a predecessor of modern holidaymaking.

The astrolabe is therefore a predecessor of the modern planisphere.

The predecessor of the modern city Benghazi was refounded by her and received her name: Berenice.

Flag of St Magnus ; the unofficial predecessor to the modern Flag of Orkney.

This section, part of the Pioneer Branch, passes through historic Clarksville and is the predecessor of the modern US 50 route.

* February 5 – The Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, a predecessor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, is established in Iowa to build a railroad between Davenport and Council Bluffs.

In the season 8 finale, Clayton Jarvis, the new Secretary of the Navy, tells Director Vance that he wants to include DiNozzo in NCIS's black operations program after the death of Lt. Jonas Cobb and the resignation of Jarvis's predecessor, Philip Davenport.

In 1763, The Reverend James Manning, a Baptist minister, and an alumnus of the College of New Jersey ( predecessor to today's Princeton University ), was sent to Rhode Island by the Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches in order to found the college.

Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL ( the predecessor of C ), before handing over development to Richard Bartle, a fellow student at Essex University, in 1980.

Construction of the predecessor of the present Kamioka Observatory, the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo began in 1982 and was completed in April, 1983.

Founded in 1969, it traces its roots back to its two earlier predecessor organizations, St. Dunstan's University and Prince of Wales College, founded in 1855 and 1860 respectively.

* The Kolozsvári Egyetem, predecessor of the University of Szeged, is founded.

* Nagyszombat University ( predecessor of Budapest University ) is established.

* August 13 – The Academy and College of Philadelphia, predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, opens its doors, with Benjamin Franklin as president.

* February – King's College, Aberdeen, predecessor of the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, is founded on the petition of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen.

* Tokyo University, formally registered as a university in 1877, had its predecessor established.

It was the first school in the United Kingdom to teach commerce and was a predecessor of the Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.

In 1745 Charles I founded the Collegium Carolinum, predecessor of the Braunschweig University of Technology, and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Braunschweig.

Already home to the University of Texas Medical Branch, the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the Texas Maritime Academy, predecessor of Texas A & M University at Galveston ; and by 1967 a community college, Galveston College, had been established.

The University of Florida traces its origins to 1853, when the East Florida Seminary, the oldest of the University of Florida's four predecessor institutions, was founded in Ocala, Florida.

" The four predecessor institutions consolidated to form the new university included the University of Florida at Lake City ( formerly Florida Agricultural College ) in Lake City, the East Florida Seminary in Gainesville, the St. Petersburg Normal and Industrial School in St. Petersburg, and the South Florida Military College in Bartow.

It is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities and the N8 Group and is regarded as a British " red brick " university, its Victoria University predecessor having gained its royal charter in 1903.

The current Librarian, Sarah Thomas, was appointed in 2007 ; she is the first woman to hold the position, and the second Librarian ( after her predecessor, Reginald Carr ) also to be Director of Oxford University Library Services.

During the early 20th century, McLennan County was home to as many as five colleges ; in addition to Baylor, the other colleges included the predecessor to what is now known as Texas Christian University ( now in Fort Worth ), Paul Quinn College ( relocated since to Dallas ), and two other short-lived colleges.

After completing his secondary education he studied at the Netherlands School of Economics ( the predecessor of the Erasmus University Rotterdam ).

Finkelstein also established the seminary's Cantor's Institute, the Seminary College of Jewish Music, the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities ( predecessor of the Graduate School ), and a West Coast branch of the seminary that later became the University of Judaism ( now the American Jewish University ).

This medical college would later merge with Western Reserve Academy in Hudson, OH to eventually become Western Reserve University, the predecessor to Cleveland's Case Western Reserve University.