In process of time the title abbot was extended to clerics who had no connection with the monastic system, as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy ; and under the Carolingians to the chief chaplain of the king,, or military chaplain of the emperor, It even came to be adopted by purely secular officials.

The ecclesiastical Abbreviators were officials of the Holy See, among the principal officials of the Apostolic Chancery, which is one of the oldest and most important offices in the Roman Curia.

He ordained further that some should be called " Abbreviators of the Upper Bar " ( Abbreviatores de Parco Majori ; the name derived from a space in the chancery, surrounded by a grating, in which the officials sat, which is called higher or lower ( major or minor ) according to the proximity of the seats to that of the vice-chancellor ), the others of the Lower Bar ( Abbreviatores de Parco Minori ); that the former should sit upon a slightly raised portion of the chamber, separated from the rest of the hall or chamber by lattice work, assist the Cardinal Vice-Chancellor, subscribe the letters and have the principal part in examining, revising, and expediting the apostolic letters to be issued with the leaden seal ; that the latter, however, should sit among the apostolic writers upon benches in the lower part of the chamber, and their duty was to carry the signed schedules or supplications to the prelates of the upper bar.

Baby Doc's kleptocracy left the regime vulnerable to unanticipated crises, exacerbated by endemic poverty, most notably the epidemic of African swine fever virus — which, at the insistence of USAID officials, led to the slaughter of the creole pigs, the principal source of income for most peasants ; and the widely-publicized outbreak of AIDS in the early 1980s.

Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U. S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor, though other officials or individuals may have more influence on their foreign policy decisions.

The White House National Security Council ( NSC ) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States.

After being removed as principal of South Pasadena Junior High School, Verlin Spencer shot six school officials, killing five, before attempting to commit suicide by shooting himself in the stomach.

The network's principal directors and other officers are appointed by the State, and so are the top officials at local conventional television stations in mainland China ; nearly all of them are restricted to broadcasting within their own province or municipality.

The National Security Council is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials.

Among the principal governmental functions vested in Alabama counties are law enforcement ; tax assessment, levy and collection ; administration of decedent's estates and probate matters ; maintenance of real and personal property title records ; construction and maintenance of public roads and bridges ; and maintenance of the county courthouse, which provides office space for various county officials and departments.

The Council consists of 15 principal officials and 14 non-official members.

In a system popularly called the Principal Officials Accountability System introduced by then Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa in July 2002, all principal officials, including the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary, Secretary for Justice and heads of government bureaux would no longer be politically neutral career civil servants, but would all be political appointees chosen by the Chief Executive from within or outside the civil service.

As with the principal officials, these two new posts may be drawn from within or outside the civil service, and appointees may or may not have a political background.

However, government officials have cited the increasing accident death rate in the early 1960s as the principal motivation, with the exploits of the AC Cars team merely highlighting the point.

George Speight ( born 1957 ), occasionally known as Ilikimi Naitini, was the principal instigator of the Fiji coup of 2000, in which he kidnapped thirty-six government officials and held them from May 19, 2000 to July 13, 2000.

Many outside observers believe, however, that the WWASPS-affiliated institutions are actually owned ( through limited partnerships, many of which have used the same street address ) by WWASPS or its principal officials or their close relatives.

Under the Basic Law the Chief Executive is the chief representative of people of Hong Kong and is the head of the government of Hong Kong, whose powers and functions include leading the government, implementing the law, signing bills and budgets passed by the Legislative Council, deciding on government policies, advising appointment and dismissal principal officials of the Government of Hong Kong to the Central People's Government, appointing judges and holders of certain public offices and to pardon or commute sentences.

* To nominate and to report to the Central People's Government for appointment the following principal officials: Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries of Departments, Directors of Bureaux, Commissioner Against Corruption, Director of Audit, Commissioner of Police, Director of Immigration and Commissioner of Customs and Excise ; and to recommend to the Central People's Government the removal of the above-mentioned officials ;

The Constitution refers to these officials when it authorizes the President, in Article II, section 2, to " require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices.

Under the Chief Executive of Hong Kong as President, the Executive Council comprises 15 principal officials ( ministers ) and 14 non-official members.

The members of ExCo are appointed by the Chief Executive from among principal officials ( heads of department, informally called " ministers "), members of Legislative Council, and public figures.

** The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Central Committee ;

At the beginning, Brezhnev's principal rival was Nikolai Podgorny, a member of the Secretariat.

* The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary ;

# There are established as principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat.

The United Nations Secretariat ( French: le Secrétariat des Nations unies ) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization charged with the promotion of aiding states to collectively maintain international peace and security ; it serves as a forum for member-states to discuss and resolve pressing issues in the international field through primarily diplomatic resources.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations, abbreviated UNSYG, is the head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations.

The United Nations Secretariat is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and it is headed by the United Nations Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide.

The principal organs of the Colombo Plan are-the Consultative Committee, the Council and the Secretariat.

McMurtry's principal research project in Philosophy spanning over seven years has followed from the invitation by the Secretariat of UNESCO / EOLSS ( Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris-Oxford ) to construct, author and edit Philosophy and World Problems as a multi-volume study of world philosophy.

* United Nations Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations

* Secretariat of State ( Holy See ), one of the principal organs of the Roman Curia

In the Cutting Tool Division, the principal products include a wide variety of high speed steel milling cutters, end mills and saws.

* Senior Principal / Partner: Typically an owner or majority shareholder of the firm ; may be the founder ; titles may include president, chief executive officer, or managing principal / partner.

* Junior Principal / Partner: Recently made a partner or principal of the firm ; title may include vice president.

Other principal exports include tea and raw cotton.

Active double bass ensembles include L ' Orchestre de Contrebasses ( 6 members ), Bass Instinct ( 6 members ), Bassiona Amorosa ( 6 members ), the Chicago Bass Ensemble ( 4 + members ), The Bass Gang ( 4 members ), the London Double Bass Ensemble ( 6 members ) founded by members of the Philharmonia Orchestra of London who produced the LP Music Interludes by London Double Bass Ensemble on Bruton Music records, Brno Double Bass Orchestra ( 14 members ) founded by the double bass professor at Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts and principal double bass player at Brno Philharmonic Orchestra-Miloslav Jelinek, and the ensembles of Ball State University ( 12 members ), Shenandoah Conservatory, and the Hartt School of Music.

In North America the principal professional organizations of endocrinologists include The Endocrine Society, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Diabetes Association, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association.

Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger ; Paul Rand, who, from the late 1930s until his death in 1996, took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as corporate identity ; and Josef Müller-Brockmann, who designed posters in a severe yet accessible manner typical of the 1950s and 1970s era.

" A modern definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics states that a trade union is " an organisation consisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members.

Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation ( Sony Electronics in the U. S .), Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Mobile Communications ( formerly Sony Ericsson ), and Sony Financial.

Seoul is the principal tourist destination for visitors ; popular tourist destinations outside of Seoul include Seorak-san national park, the historic city of Gyeongju and semi-tropical Jeju Island.

Large Senegalese companies include Senelec, the national power company ; Air Sénégal International airlines ; Sonatel, the principal telecommunications provider in Senegal ; and Industrie chimique du Sénégal, a chemical processing company.

Other principal exports include fish, charcoal and bananas ; sugar, sorghum and corn are products for the domestic market.

Hyrule's principal inhabitants are elfin humanoids called Hylians, which include the player character, Link, and the eponymous princess, Zelda.

The principal cities of Hesse include Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Offenbach, Hanau, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg in the greater Rhine Main Area, Fulda in the east, and Kassel and Marburg an der Lahn in the north.

To counter this, some meters include a mirror along the markings of the principal scale.

The principal streams draining the southern part of the County include Beaver Swamp Brook, Blind Brook, Bronx River, Hutchinson River, Mamaroneck River, Saw Mill River, Sheldrake River, Stephenson Brook and Tibbetts Brook.

The principal streams draining the northern part of the County include Dickey Brook, Furnace Brook, Hallocks Mill Brook, Hunter Brook, Muscoot River, Peekskill Hollow Brook, and Titicus River.

The principal squares of Reims include the Place Royale, with a statue of Louis XV, and the Place Cardinal-Luçon, with an equestrian statue of Joan of Arc.

The principal and most salient provisions of Henry IV ’ s Edict of Nantes, as promulgated at Nantes in Brittany on 13 April 1598, include:

The principal grapes grown in the region include Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier.

Most schools recognize 108 principal adavus, while some styles include over 150 adavus.

Further rules include that the nominee ( s ) be only the principal costume designer ( s ), that the five films that receive the highest amount of votes will become the ceremony's nominations for final voting, and that the final voting will only be undertaken by active and life members of the Academy.

Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some grounds previously used for both, continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled.