Early Bayesian inference, which used uniform priors following Laplace's principle of insufficient reason, was called " inverse probability " ( because it infers backwards from observations to parameters, or from effects to causes ).

It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO < sub > 2 </ sub > is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.

Physicalism, according to Kim, has a principle of causal closure according to which every physical event is fully accountable in terms of physical causes.

The Pareto principle ( also known as the 80 – 20 rule, the law of the vital few, and the principle of factor sparsity ) states that, for many events, roughly 80 % of the effects come from 20 % of the causes .< ref name =" NYT ">.

The character Cleanthes, summarizing the teleological argument, likens the universe to a man-made machine, and concludes by the principle of similar effects and similar causes that it must have a designing intelligence.

It is the logical principle of parsimony of causes and of economy of scientific notions.

Third, the principle that effects cannot precede causes can be invoked, by including on the right side of the regression only variables that precede in time the dependent variable ; this principle is invoked, for example, in testing for Granger causality and in its multivariate analog, vector autoregression, both of which control for lagged values of the dependent variable while testing for causal effects of lagged independent variables.

A tornado is not necessarily visible ; however, the intense low pressure caused by the high wind speeds ( as described by Bernoulli's principle ) and rapid rotation ( due to cyclostrophic balance ) usually causes water vapor in the air to condense into cloud droplets due to adiabatic cooling.

Early Bayesian inference, which used uniform priors following Laplace's principle of insufficient reason, was called " inverse probability " ( because it infers backwards from observations to parameters, or from effects to causes ).

:: This principle, that consciousness causes the collapse, is the point of intersection between quantum mechanics and the mind / body problem ; and researchers are working to detect conscious events correlated with physical events that, according to quantum theory, should involve a wave function collapse ; but, thus far, results are inconclusive.

While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors ' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes.

The methods of forensic engineering are an important source of information for investigating problems, especially by elimination of unlikely causes and using the weakest link principle.

When the arm and hand move to pick up the rock (" E ") this is not caused by the preceding mental event M, nor by M and P together, but only by P. The physical causes are in principle reducible to fundamental physics, and therefore mental causes are eliminated using this reductionist explanation.

Through such arguments he arrives at the fundamental principle of scepticism: the radical and universal opposition of causes summed up in the phrase panti logo logos antikeitai (" to every argument another argument is opposed with the same strength ").

Critics of the Commission argue that this structure regularly causes deadlocks on 3-3 votes, but others argue that deadlocks are actually quite rare, and typically based on principle rather than partisanship.

He is a critic of methodological naturalism, the basic principle of science that restricts it to the investigation of natural causes for observable phenomena, and espouses a philosophy he has coined theistic realism.

This speed change causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a different angle ( Huygens principle ).

A key attribute of the principle of pratityasamutpada is that every result or outcome is the result of multiple causes and conditions.

:... the Theravāda tradition records ... as a fundamental axiom the principle that a single cause does not give rise to either a single result or several results ; nor do several causes give rise to just one result ; but rather several causes give rise to several results.

As in the principle of dependent origination, within the functioning of karma, every fruition is said to depend upon multiple causes and conditions.

Research and experience uncovered a wide range of expected utility anomalies and common patterns of behavior that are inconsistent with the principle of utility maximization.

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

For better or for worse, we all now live in welfare states, the organizing principle of which is collective responsibility for individual well-being.

I fled, however, not from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom -- in the sense you meant the word `` things '' -- which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which I had already insisted upon finding out for myself ( despite, I may now say, the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle, yes, on principle, and in cold blood ) because I was resolved, as a modern woman, not to be a mollycoddle waiting for Life but to seize Life by the throat.

introduction of the `` dialogue '' principle proved strikingly effective at the thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Catholic Association for International Peace in Washington the last weekend in October.

The guiding principle indeed should not be anything like compensation for individual services.

Therefore the second principle of the plan must be that, while providing for all-out hostilities, its effectiveness is not dependent on general war.

Therefore, the third principle of the plan must be that it does not depend for effectiveness on engagement by the same types, unless at an assured favorable exchange rate.

Therefore, the fourth principle of the plan must be that it provide for continuously increasing capabilities in the opponent.

The principle of optimality thus brings a vital organization into the search for the optimal policy of a multistage decision process.

Since by the principle of optimality the remaining stages use an optimal Af-stage policy with respect to Af, we may enter section Af of the table at this state Af and read off the optimal policy for stage Af and the resulting state Af.

Moreover, Moscow appeared determined to apply the tripartite veto principle to the executive organs of all international bodies, including the U. N. Secretariat and the International Control Commission for Laos.

`` You see, first of all and in a sense as the source of all other ills, the unshakeable American commitment to the principle of unconditional surrender: The tendency to view any war in which we might be involved not as a means of achieving limited objectives in the way of changes in a given status quo, but as a struggle to the death between total virtue and total evil, with the result that the war had absolutely to be fought to the complete destruction of the enemy's power, no matter what disadvantages or complications this might involve for the more distant future ''.

But he would fight for his own liberty rather than for any abstract principle connected with it -- such as `` cause ''.

Altruism () is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others.

He identified four major motives for altruism: altruism to ultimately benefit the self ( egoism ), to ultimately benefit the other person ( altruism ), to benefit a group ( collectivism ), or to uphold a moral principle ( principlism ).

( A formal proof for all finite sets would use the principle of mathematical induction to prove " for every natural number k, every family of k nonempty sets has a choice function.

Despite these facts, most mathematicians accept the axiom of choice as a valid principle for proving new results in mathematics.

* Taille – A royal tax, in principle pro capita, whose amount was fixed before collecting.

Gottfried called for a new more comprehensive fusionist alliance based upon “ similar ” Meyer-like principles that could now include a second generation Old Right that “ no longer extols an active government even in principle ,” a coalition that would only exclude the nationalist, pro big government neoconservatives.

However, this article provides an interesting discussion of the limitations of the principle and also of different scientists ' views as to whether it is an accurate representation of reality or whether " Huygens ' principle actually does give the right answer but for the wrong reasons ".

The new colonial constitution of 1958 increased African representation, but African nationalists began to demand a democratic franchise on the principle of " one man, one vote.

But the task is hopeless in principle — every representation ignores something about the world — hence the best we can do is start with a good guess.

While data reduction ( compression, be it lossy or lossless ) is a main goal of transform coding, it also allows other goals: one may represent data more accurately for the original amount of space – for example, in principle, if one starts with an analog or high-resolution digital master, an MP3 file of a given size should provide a better representation than a raw uncompressed audio in WAV or AIFF file of the same size.

The property of spin relates to another basic property concerning systems of N identical particles: Pauli's exclusion principle, which is a consequence of the following permutation behaviour of an N-particle wave function ; again in the position representation one must postulate that for the transposition of any two of the N particles one always should have

This class of theories holds that the truth or the falsity of a representation is determined in principle solely by how it relates to " things ", by whether it accurately describes those " things ".

* Economy of representation is the principle that grammatical structures must exist for a purpose, i. e., the structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality.

This principle has been largely adopted for understanding Taiwan ’ s cultural representation and expressed in a variety of cultural activities, including music, film and the literary and performing arts.

In 1920 one of the African members of the Legislative Council, Joseph E. Casely-Hayford, convened the National Congress of British West Africa, which sent a delegation to London to urge the Colonial Office to consider the principle of elected representation.

A new elementary signal representation, the Chirplet transform, was discovered ( 1991 ) that complements the Gabor elementary signal representations used in dynamic spectral analysis ( with the property of meeting the bandwidth-duration minimum associated with the uncertainty principle ).

Electoral reformers in the Labour Party kept up the pressure, and in September 1989, after Palmer had become prime minister, the full annual conference of the Labour Party passed a remit endorsing a referendum on the principle of proportional representation.

In a bow to the principle of States ' Rights, Davis had to spread representation in his cabinet around among the seceding states.

Milo is a satire of the modern businessman, and beyond that is the living representation of capitalism, as he has no allegiance to any country, person or principle unless it pays him.

: Upon what principle is it that the slaves shall be computed in the representation?

" The second principle is that, as far as practicable, the composition of the judiciary should reflect Fiji's ethnic balance and should aim for substantially equal representation of males and females.

However, Hooley showed that the Hasse principle holds for the representation of 0 by non-singular cubic forms over the rational numbers in at least nine variables.

An example that illustrates the Rebus principle is the representation of the sentence “ I can see you ” by using the pictographs of “ eye — can — sea — ewe .” Some linguists believe that the Chinese developed their writing system according to the rebus principle, and Egyptian hieroglyphs sometimes used a similar system.

*" While a politics of inclusion is driven by an ambition for universal representation ( of all women's interests ), a politics of partiality does away with that ambition and accepts the principle that feminism can never ever be an encompassing political home for all women, not just because different groups of women have different and sometimes conflicting interests, but, more radically, because for many groups of ' other ' women other interests, other identifications are sometimes more important and politically pressing than, or even incompatible with, those related to their being women.

Ancillon had convinced himself that the rigid class distinctions of the Prussian system were the philosophically ideal basis of the state, and that representation " by estates " was the only sound constitutional principle ; his last and indeed only act of importance as minister was his collaboration with Metternich in the Vienna Final Act of 12 June 1834, the object of which was to rivet this system upon Germany forever.

* Economy of representation is the principle that grammatical structures must exist for a purpose, i. e. the structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality, which are equivalent to constraints on the mapping between the conceptual / intensional and sensori-motor interfaces in the optimal system that minimalism seeks to explore.

To address the argument that the principle ( rather than the details ) of representation contained in the Article had not been, nor could have been, repealed by the Peerage Act or any other Act of Parliament, the Government submitted that the election of Scottish representative peers had not been " entrenched.

" It formed the principle of " mutual coexistence " ( al ' aysh al-mushtarak ) between Lebanon's different sects and their proper political representation