Our surplus from foreign business transactions has in recent years fallen substantially short of the expenditures we make abroad to maintain our military establishments overseas, to finance private investment, and to provide assistance to the less developed nations.

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that ninety per cent of the energy of most churches -- whether in terms of finance or spiritual concern -- is poured into the private and domestic interests of the members.

There were also two finance ministers, dealing with the separate bodies of the public treasury and the private domains of the Emperor, and the praetorian prefect, the most significant person of the whole.

It does not lend money to SMEs directly ; rather it provides finance through private banks and funds.

In terms of international comparison, with the most efficient and corruption-free application procedure, lowest income tax and lowest corporate tax as well as abundant and sustainable government finance that the government of Hong Kong consistently upheld the policy of encouraging ( and supporting ) activities of private businesses and this is having a sound impact on the overall economic performance by removing unnecessary barriers for the private enterprises in the Special Administrative Region.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

... there was one man who not only united high ability with unparalleled opportunity but also knew how to turn budgets into political triumphs and who stands in history as the greatest English financier of economic liberalism, Gladstone ... The greatest feature of Gladstonian finance ... was that it expressed with ideal adequacy both the whole civilisation and the needs of the time, ex visu of the conditions of the country to which it was to apply ; or, to put it slightly differently, that it translated a social, political, and economic vision, which was comprehensive as well as historically correct, into the clauses of a set of co-ordinated fiscal measures ... Gladstonian finance was the finance of the system of ' natural liberty ,' laissez-faire, and free trade ... the most important thing was to remove fiscal obstructions to private activity.

Monmouth Hospital closed in 2006, and health services are now provided at the Monnow Vale Integrated Health and Social Care Facility, a private finance initiative hospital located beside Drybridge House.

In the 1980s, when the economy didn ’ t support an increase in homeowners, the FHA helped to steady falling prices, making it possible for potential homeowners to finance when private mortgage insurers pulled out of oil producing states.

NEPAD also worked to develop partnerships with international development finance institutions — including the World Bank, G8, European Commission, UNECA and others — and with the private sector.

Many Southern states and school districts interpreted " Brown II " as legal justification for resisting, delaying, and avoiding significant integration for years — and in some cases for a decade or more — using such tactics as closing down school systems, using state money to finance segregated " private " schools, and " token " integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white-only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded, unequal black schools.

Space launch vehicles such as Falcon I have been wholly developed with private finance, and the quoted costs for launch are lower.

Fisher's idea that the auto industry and private contributions could pay for the highway was soon abandoned, and, while the LHA did help finance a few short sections of roadway, LHA founders ' and members ' contributions were used primarily for publicity and promotion to encourage travel on the Highway and to lobby officials at all levels to support its construction by governments.

Bloomsbury is also the location of University College Hospital, which re-opened in 2005 in new buildings on Euston Road, built under the government ’ s private finance initiative ( PFI ).

There are also Newbury College, a further and higher education college funded by private finance initiative and Mary Hare School, a residential co-educational community special school for deaf pupils.

The tolls were leased to private individuals from 1850, but an attempt to transfer £ 320 to the Council finance committee from the navigation in 1859 resulted in nearly a year of legal wrangling, and ultimately the money was repaid in 1860.

( C ) The primary rationale for forcing in-state waste into the designated private transfer station was financial ; it was seen as a device to raise revenue to finance the transfer station.

The fastest-growing OBE is the industrial development agency which issues tax-exempt industrial revenue bonds to finance private business ventures mainly to revitalize economically depressed areas.

He observed Halley's comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations, predictions and observations, engaging in private tutoring to finance his activities.

The private finance initiative ( PFI ) is a way of creating " public – private partnerships " ( PPPs ) by funding public infrastructure projects with private capital.

In all other areas, private initiative of the `` proprietorship '' type should be urged to produce the desired goods and services.

Although we continue to pay our conversational devotions to `` free private enterprise '', `` individual initiative '', `` the democratic way '', `` government of the people '', `` competition of the marketplace '', etc., we live rather comfortably in a society in which economic competition is diminishing in large areas, bureaucracy is corroding representative government, technology is weakening the citizen's confidence in his own power to make decisions, and the threat of war is driving him economically and physically into the ground ''.

Despite this, some towns, like Alcácer do Sal in 1217, were conquered from the Moors by the private initiative of noblemen.

In 1956, the very rare DKW Monza was put into small scale production on a private initiative.

The initiative turned into one of the biggest commercially viable national development project of the country, expected to be led by the private sector.

The Labour Charter of 1927, promulgated by the Grand Council of Fascism, stated in article 7: " The corporative State considers private initiative, in the field of production, as the most efficient and useful instrument of the Nation ", then continued in article 9: " State intervention in economic production may take place only where private initiative is lacking or is insufficient, or when are at stakes the political interest of the State.

Soon, as a top priority, the initiative turned into one of the biggest commercially viable national development project of the country, expected to be led by the private sector.

Despite such voyages ceasing with his death in 1817, his private initiative served to arouse public interest.

The Stockholm School of Economics was founded in 1909 on private initiative as a response to rapid industrialization and a growing need for well educated businessmen and company managers and has maintained close ties with the business community ever since.

Capitalist utopias of this sort are generally based on free market economies, in which the presupposition is that private enterprise and personal initiative without an institution of coercion, government, provides the greatest opportunity for achievement and progress of both the individual and society as a whole.

Emiratisation ( or Emiratization ) is an initiative by the government of the United Arab Emirates to employ its citizens in a meaningful and efficient manner in the public and private sectors.

At the time of the United States ' founding, the economy was predominantly one of agriculture and small private businesses, and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative.

Edward III was not content with the peace agreement made in his name, but the renewal of the war with Scotland originated in private, rather than royal initiative.

* Gnaeus Pompeius, age 22, raises on his own initiative a private army of three legions from his fathers veterans and clientalae in Picenum.

As " democracy " was thereby restored, the World Bank announced that: " The renovated state must focus on an economic strategy centered on the energy and initiative of Civil Society, especially the private sector, both national and foreign.

It was founded in 1857 on a private initiative by Désiré Girardon, who was its first President.

The École was founded in 1829 on a private initiative by Alphonse Lavallée, who became its first president, and three scientist associates: Eugène Peclet, Jean-Baptiste Dumas, and Théodore Olivier.

By contrast, where monasteries had provided grammar schools for older scholars, these were commonly refounded with enhanced endowments ; some by royal command in connection to the newly re-established cathedral churches, others by private initiative.

From the point of view of the private sector, PFI borrowing is considered low risk because public sector authorities are very unlikely to default.

The PFI is ultimately a kind of project finance, a form of private sector delivery of infrastructure that has been used since the Middle Ages.

However, the pedigree of the current private finance initiative ( PFI ) was in Australia in the late 1980s.

Both Conservative and Labour governments have sought to justify PFI on the practical grounds that the private sector is better at delivering services than the public sector.

However, critics claim that many uses of PFI are ideological rather than practical ; Pollock recalls a meeting with the then Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown who could not provide a rationale for PFI other than to " declare repeatedly that the public sector is bad at management, and that only the private sector is efficient and can manage services well.

The global financial crisis which began in 2007 presented PFI with difficulties because many sources of private capital had dried up.

However, because of banks ' unwillingness to lend money for PFI projects, the UK government now had to fund the so-called ' private ' finance initiative itself.

In March 2009 it was announced that the Treasury would lend £ 2bn of public money to private firms building schools and other projects under PFI.

At the time, Osborne proposed a modified PFI which would preserve the arrangement of private sector investment for public infrastructure projects in return for part-privatisation, but would ensure proper risk transfer to the private sector along with transparent accounting:

The PFI is a scheme where the Government contract a private company to design, build, finance and manage a hospital, school, prison or other public service.

In 1992, the Conservative government of John Major in the UK introduced the private finance initiative ( PFI ), the first systematic programme aimed at encouraging public – private partnerships.

The refinancing of the Fazakerley Prison PFI contract following the completion of construction delivered an 81 % gain to the private sector operator.

* Private finance initiative ( PFI ), a method for funding public sector projects with private capital

In April 2008, a £ 93 million PFI scheme to build 700 private and housing association dwellings and regenerate some existing stock was announced.

London Underground procured via the UK government's private finance initiative ( PFI ) the replacement of its existing train, station and depot radio systems with a single trunked private mobile radio system and the installation of a new fibre optic transmission network which will support services such as telephony, customer / staff information systems and IT as well as a video transmission network with capability to serve all operational sites.