Because these methods are diverse and use data from such different sources, the problem of integrating them into a coherent argument has been a long-term issue for archaeoastronomers.

Greek historian Plutarch discusses an argument between Chrysippus ( 3rd century BCE ) and Hipparchus ( 2nd century BCE ) of a rather delicate enumerative problem, which was later shown to be related to Schröder numbers.

; Other minds reply: This reply points out that Searle's argument is a version of the problem of other minds, applied to machines.

: Alan Turing ( writing 30 years before Searle presented his argument ) noted that people never consider the problem of other minds when dealing with each other.

Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.

This argument, first proposed by Max Weber, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets ( see economic calculation problem ).

Gödel's original proof of the theorem proceeded by reducing the problem to a special case for formulas in a certain syntactic form, and then handling this form with an ad hoc argument.

The problem of evil is the argument that the existence of evil is incompatible with the concept of an omnipotent and perfectly good God.

) His daring use of power series enabled him to solve the famous Basel problem in 1735 ( he provided a more elaborate argument in 1741 ):

" And while the conjecture may one day be solved, the argument applies to similar unsolved problems ; to Brouwer, the law of the excluded middle was tantamount to assuming that every mathematical problem has a solution.

Another argument is the " embedding problem.

Proponents of unpasteurized milk make the argument that if milk is obtained from humanely raised cows that are grass fed and handled hygienically, then there is little problem with disease.

That is, the supporting argument claims that the criticism is with the mere illusion of a problem and thus could render suspect any philosophical concept.

" The structure of a dissertation consists in an introduction that elucidates the basic definitions involved in the question as set, followed by an argument or thesis, a counter-argument or antithesis, and a resolving argument or synthesis that is not a compromise between the former but the production of a new argument, ending with a conclusion that does not sum up the points but opens onto a new problem.

Similarly the question of whether a Turing machine T terminates on an initially empty tape ( rather than with an initial word w given as second argument in addition to a description of T, as in the full halting problem ) is still undecidable.

The originator of the problem of evil is often cited as the Greek philosopher Epicurus, and his argument may be schematized as follows:

Here discussion of the problem of evil shades into discussion of the argument from nonbelief.

A different approach to the problem of evil is to turn the tables on the atheist, by arguing that any argument from evil is self-refuting, in that its conclusion would necessitate the falsity of one of its premises.

In Buddhism, the problem of evil, or the related problem of dukkha, is one argument against a benevolent, omnipotent creator god, identifying such a notion as attachment to a false concept.

The regress argument ( also known as the diallelus ( Latin < Greek di allelon " through or by means of one another ")) is a problem in epistemology and, in general, a problem in any situation where a statement has to be justified.

Without at least one of these two pieces of information, we are not obviously justified in seeing design in such cases … he problem for the fine-tuning argument is that we lack both of the pieces that are needed to justify an inference of design.

That is why the form itself becomes a preoccupation, because it exists as a problem separate from the material it accommodates.

The specific analogy to the dilemma of love is the problem of the `` breakthrough '' in the realm of art.

This is an unsolved problem which probably has never been seriously investigated, although one frequently hears the comment that we have insufficient specialists of the kind who can compete with the Germans or Swiss, for example, in precision machinery and mathematics, or the Finns in geochemistry.

But the problem is one which gives us the measure of a man, rather than a group of men, whether a group of doctors, a group of party members assembled at a dinner to give their opinion, or the masses of the voters.

In the incessant struggle with recalcitrant political fact he learns to focus the essence of a problem in the significant detail, and to articulate the distinctions which clarify the detail as significant, with what is sometimes astounding rapidity.

The problem is to remove the accretions and thereby uncover the order that was always there.

Moral dread is seen as the other face of desire, and here psychoanalysis delivers to the writer a magnificent irony and a moral problem of great complexity.

The maturity in this point of view lies in its recognition that no basic problem is ever solved without being clearly understood.

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

Ptolemy's problem is to forecast where, against the inverted bowl of night, some particular light will be found at future times.

The distances of these points of light is a problem he cannot master, beyond crude conjectures as to the orderings of the planetary orbits viewed outward from earth.

This is a problem to be solved not by America alone, but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help.

The problem, in other words, is strictly a chronological one.

The problem of NATO is not one of machinery, of which there is an abundance, but of the will to use it.

Our problem, therefore, is to devise processes more modest in their aspirations, adjusted to the real world of sovereign nation states and diverse and hostile communities.

The main question raised by the incident is how much longer will UN bury its head in the sand on the Congo problem instead of facing the bitter fact that it has no solution in present terms??

The only real problem is to devise a plan whereby the owners of the above-water land can develop their property without the public losing its underwater land and the right to its development for public use and enjoyment.

Biggest organizational problem, he adds, is setting up CDC units in rock-ribbed Democratic territory.

If they are to be commended for foresight in their planning, what then is the judgment of a town council that compounds this problem during the planning stage??

The new column by Maurice Stans regarding business scandals, is fair and accurate in most respects and his solution to the problem has some merit.

The whole problem of `` peaceful coexistence and peaceful competition '' with the capitalist world is in the very center of this Congress.

But this is not the real problem ; ;