There the community, faced with the need to formulate policy on the level of absolute justice, can find the answer to its problem in the absolute truth which it holds as partially experienced.

The senior policy officer may be moved to think hard about a problem by any of an infinite variety of stimuli: an idea in his own head, the suggestions of a colleague, a question from the Secretary or the President, a proposal by another department, a communication from a foreign government or an American ambassador abroad, the filing of an item for the agenda of the United Nations or of any other of dozens of international bodies, a news item read at the breakfast table, a question to the President or the Secretary at a news conference, a speech by a Senator or Congressman, an article in a periodical, a resolution from a national organization, a request for assistance from some private American interests abroad, et cetera, ad infinitum.

He will know that general policy papers written months before may not fit his problem because of crucial changes in circumstance.

In the first place our business is foreign policy, and it is the business of the Presidential leadership and his appointees in the Department to consider the domestic political aspects of a problem.

The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem.

Bell appealed both requirements, citing that the rules do not apply to cable companies and that they constituted proactive rate regulation by the CRTC, which goes against government official policy direction that the regulator only intervene in markets after a competitive problem has been proven.

Over blocking can filter out material that should be acceptable under the filtering policy in effect, for example health related information may unintentionally be filtered along with porn-related material because of the Scunthorpe problem.

This war would eventually be called Crimean War, but the entire foreign policy negotiations surrounding the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, which would continue throughout the middle and end of nineteenth century the problem would be referred to as the " Eastern Question.

Other approaches focus on the problem of the formation of international rules: why states voluntarily adopt international law norms, that limit their freedom of action, in the absence of a world legislature ; while other perspectives are policy oriented: they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them.

Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues.

Another problem was that party members took his policy seriously too, Najibullah recanted that most party members felt " panic and pessimism.

Yet, according to Kesia Reeve, " squatting is largely absent from policy and academic debate and is rarely conceptualized, as a problem, as a symptom, or as a social or housing movement.

Rod Eddington, in his 2006 Transport ’ s role in sustaining the UK ’ s productivity and competitiveness report, recommended that the congestion problem should be tackled with a " sophisticated policy mix " of congestion-targeted road pricing and improving the capacity and performance of the transport network through infrastructure investment and better use of the existing network.

A tighter monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with high public debt.

On the other hand, it could focus on a key policy problem that requires a thorough research and action investment.

The aggressive statesman Fan Sui ( 范雎 ), however, soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved, and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in Jin and Qi, which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states.

Another problem is the neo-Marxist nature of political ecology in a world where policy decisions are dominated by a global capitalist system ( Walker 2006: 388-389 ).

This reliability problem was common to much Soviet space hardware from the late 1960s and early 1970s and was largely corrected with a deliberate policy, implemented in the mid-1970s, of consolidating ( or " debugging ") existing designs rather than introducing new ones.

In both cases, a default policy of " no access " avoids the problem.

Many social democrats and " New Deal liberals ", have adopted this analysis for public policy, so they view market failures as a very common problem of any unregulated market system and therefore argue for state intervention in the economy in order to ensure both efficiency and social justice ( usually interpreted in terms of limiting avoidable inequalities in wealth and income ).

Considering the evolved propensity of human beings to think categorically about social groups, manifested in cognitive processes with broad implications for public and political endorsement of multicultural policy, Crisp and Meleady postulated a cognitive-evolutionary account of human adaptation to social diversity which explains general social trends marking a resistance to multiculturalism and offer a reorienting call for scholars and policy-makers seeking intervention-based solutions to the problem of prejudice.

These policies, developed after the Cold War, sought to establish a multilateral consensus for action ( which would likely take the form of increasingly harsh sanctions against the problem states, summarized as the policy of containment ).

This cooperation with the Comintern would later prove to be a problem for the fledgling CPC over the next decade, as aggressive foreign Comintern advisors would try to force policy according to the wishes of Moscow and against the will of many prominent CPC leaders, often for the national interest of the USSR.

* A perverse effect contrary to what was originally intended ( when an intended solution makes a problem worse ), such as when a policy has a perverse incentive that causes actions opposite to what was intended.

Instead, the philosopher encounters a problem :" Now, if the ' to be ' of a thing could be conceived apart from that which exists, it should be represented in our mind by some note distinct from the concept of the thing itself ....

It is a challenge to functionalism and the computational theory of mind, and is related to such questions as the mind-body problem, the problem of other minds, the symbol-grounding problem, and the hard problem of consciousness.

The obvious problem is that, through introspection, or our experience of consciousness, we have no way of moving to conclude the existence of any third-personal fact, to conceive of which would require something above and beyond just the purely subjective contents of the mind.

In his original dissertation, Content and Consciousness, he broke up the problem of explaining the mind into the need for a theory of content and for a theory of consciousness.

He believed in an active mind that was able to be educated through observation and problem solving and inquiry.

A fourth-generation programming language ( 1970s-1990 ) ( abbreviated 4GL ) is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific problem domain or set of design patterns in mind, such as the development of commercial business software.

In contemporary analytic philosophy, the issue of subject — and more specifically the " point of view " of the subject, or " subjectivity " -- has received attention as one of the major intractable problems in philosophy of mind ( a related issue being the mind-body problem ).

The main questions regarding the nature of mind is its relation to the physical brain and nervous system – a question which is often framed as the Mind-body problem, which considers whether mind is somehow separate from physical existence ( dualism and idealism ), deriving from and reducible to physical phenomena such as neurological processes ( physicalism ), or whether the mind is identical with the brain or some activity of the brain.

Understanding the relationship between the brain and the mind – mind-body problem is one of the central issues in the history of philosophy – is a challenging problem both philosophically and scientifically.

In contemporary philosophy, physicalism is most frequently associated with the mind-body problem in philosophy of mind, regarding which physicalism holds that all that has been ascribed to " mind " is more correctly ascribed to " brain " or the activity of the brain.

The materialistic view of the mind-body problem holds that mental disorders arise from physical processes ; in this view, the distinction between brain and mind, and therefore between organic and functional disease, is an artificial one.

Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind – body problem for many years after Descartes's death.

With this in mind, Cockburn ’ s claim seems valid: “ The U. S. problem with the contras was that they were by and large the very same group who had been trained by the United States to protect the interests of the Somozas.

In this case, the epistemological problem is dissolved by making a claim about the metaphysics of mind.

So that is one problem about the notion that God is a mind — namely, it is hard really to understand the very notion that a mind can create physical objects out of nothing.

But now another problem about the notion that God is a mind arises.

Every single problem touched on thus far is related to good marketing planning.

There are thus three components to an optimal design problem: ( 1 )

In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.

This is a serious problem if one has either a single trade or many related trades with a single counterparty, whose failure thus poses a threat, or in the event of a financial crisis when many counterparties fail.

* It is Turing equivalent to the halting problem and thus at level of the arithmetical hierarchy.

The later 1571 drive ( which was 1541 compatible ) incorporated track zero detection by photo-interrupter and was thus immune to the problem.

The Capability Maturity Model Integration ( CMMI ) project was formed to sort out the problem of using multiple models for software development processes, thus the CMMI model has superseded the CMM model, though the CMM model continues to be a general theoretical process capability model used in the public domain.

One problem with some cable systems is the older amplifiers placed along the cable routes are unidirectional thus in order to allow for uploading of data the customer would need to use an analog telephone modem to provide for the upstream connection.

The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray crystallography are that the specimen need not be a single crystal or even a polycrystalline powder, and also that the Fourier transform reconstruction of the object's magnified structure occurs physically and thus avoids the need for solving the phase problem faced by the X-ray crystallographers after obtaining their X-ray diffraction patterns of a single crystal or polycrystalline powder.

The game is thus reminiscent of the traveling salesman problem.

Of the 12 fundamental solutions to the problem with eight queens on an 8x8 board, exactly one is equal to its own 180 degree rotation, and none are equal to their 90 degree rotation, thus the number of distinct solutions is 11 * 8 + 1 * 4 = 92 ( where the 8 is derived from four 90-degree rotational positions and their reflections, and the 4 is derived from two 180-degree rotational positions and their reflections ).

According to Moodysson, the problem with the original title started when the film was Sweden's candidate for the Academy Awards, though it was eventually not chosen as a nominee: the Hollywood industry magazine Variety refused to run an advertisement for a film with that title, and thus American distributor Strand Releasing asked for a new title to be chosen.

This 18 week period thus includes the time to arrange a first appointment, the time for any investigations or tests to determine the cause of the problem and how it should be treated.

At this stage in the algorithm, it is required that terms with zero-valued coefficients are dropped, so that only binary coefficients equal to one are counted, thus the problem of multiplication or division by zero is not an issue, despite this implication in the factored equation:

This addressed the underlying problem that had caused the Social War decades earlier, where individuals outside Rome and Italy were not considered " Roman ", and thus were not given full citizenship rights.

He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought device in solving the problem of establishing the East-West position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sail.

Uncertain land tenure and overall financial insecurity have caused many private farmers to concentrate their capital in the traditional form — livestock — thus subjecting new land to the overgrazing problem.

* While the decision problem is NP-complete the optimization problem is NP-hard, its resolution is at least as difficult as the decision problem, and there is no known polynomial algorithm which can tell, given a solution, whether it is optimal ( which would mean that there is no solution with a larger, thus solving the decision problem NP-complete ).

John Harrison, a self-educated English clockmaker then invented the marine chronometer, a key piece in solving the problem of accurately establishing longitude at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel.

The most viable solution to this problem was for firms to merge, through horizontal integration, with other top firms in the market in order to control a large market share and thus successfully set a higher price.

Research in NLP evaluation has received considerable attention, because the definition of proper evaluation criteria is one way to specify precisely an NLP problem, going thus beyond the vagueness of tasks defined only as language understanding or language generation.