Equations based on Fick's law have been commonly used to model transport processes in foods, neurons, biopolymers, pharmaceuticals, porous soils, population dynamics, nuclear materials, semiconductor doping process, etc.

This process is called " doping " and the semiconductor is termed " extrinsic ".

The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as doping.

The breakdown voltage can be controlled quite accurately in the doping process.

The added material is called dopant and the process is called doping.

* Czochralski doping process

A p-type semiconductor ( p for Positive ) is obtained by carrying out a process of doping by adding a certain type of atoms ( acceptors ) to the semiconductor in order to increase the number of free charge carriers ( in this case positive holes ).

Conductivity is greatly enhanced by a process called doping, in which other elements are added to the intrinsic crystal in very small amounts to create what is called an extrinsic semiconductor.

An early study of electrochemical n-doping of poly ( bithiophene ) found that the n-doping levels are less than those of p-doping, the n-doping cycles were less efficient, the number of cycles required to reach maximum doping was higher, and the n-doping process appeared to be kinetically limited, possibly due to counterion diffusion in the polymer.

There are two primary methods of doping a conductive polymer, both of which use an oxidation-reduction ( i. e., redox ) process.

Mostek had been working with Sprague Electric to develop the ion implantation process which provided a tremendous gain in the control of doping profiles.

This process is called " doping.

This bundling process introduces further complexity, as it might stretch some maintenance cycles, thereby increasing risk, but reduce others, thereby potentially reducing risk, with the end result being a comprehensive maintenance schedule, purpose built to reduce operational risk and ensure acceptable levels of operational readiness and availability.

In a multichannel transmission system, a drop and insert is a process that diverts ( drops ) a portion of the multiplexed aggregate signal at an intermediate point, and introduces ( inserts ) a different signal for subsequent transmission in the same position, e. g., time slot or frequency band, previously occupied by the diverted signal.

The process of modulating RF with the original video signal, and then demodulating the original signal again in the TV, introduces several losses.

The S / N of a digital system is first limited by the bit depth of the digitization process, but the electronic implementation of the digital audio circuit introduces additional noise.

:* Resonance broadening occurs when the perturbing particle is of the same type as the emitting particle, which introduces the possibility of an energy exchange process.

:* The Goal ( 1984 ) introduces TOC process for improving organizations and briefly TOC's accounting aspects.

This process also introduces the possibility of change: what " justice " is and what it means shifts from one generation to the next.

Most industry leaders see new product development as a proactive process where resources are allocated to identify market changes and seize upon new product opportunities before they occur ( in contrast to a reactive strategy in which nothing is done until problems occur or the competitor introduces an innovation ).

Moreover, the lack of a standardized process introduces a substantial source of measurement error, as graders might show favoritism or might disagree with each other about the relative merits of different answers.

They also make selective use of the unusual double dropping process which introduces complex flavors due to a period of accelerated yeast growth.

In the process of explaining the society of mind, Minsky introduces a wide range of ideas and concepts.

The process of water sampling introduces two significant problems.

Antiochus introduces Hellenistic culture ; this process of Hellenization included the construction of gymnasiums in Jerusalem.

Dr. Paul Ruth ( McGoohan ), head of ConSec's Scanner Section, introduces the company's senior scanner ( Louis Del Grande ), who offers to " scan " a volunteer to demonstrate the banality of the process.

Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (- OH ) into an organic compound.

" RoboCop, a futuristic story about a policeman shot to death and then revived after all parts of his body have been replaced by artificial substitutes, introduces a more tragic note: the hero who finds himself literally " between two deaths "— clinically dead and at the same time provided with a new, mechanical body — starts to remember fragments of his previous, " human " life and thus undergoes a process of resubjectivication, changing gradually back from pure incarnated drive to a being of desire.

* Ignaz von Born introduces a method of extracting metals using the patio process in his Uber des Anquicken der Erze.

* Anime purists tend to vocalize their distaste of dubbed animation, and the dialogue ( and sometimes plot ) modifications that the dubbing process introduces.

By requiring agencies to complete an EIS, the act encourages them to consider the environmental costs of a project and introduces new information into the decision-making process.

In addition, this feature introduces scientific procedures into the political process.

* Life-cycle management SOA Practitioners Guide Part 3: Introduction to Services Lifecycle introduces the services lifecycle and provides a detailed process for services management through the service lifecycle, from inception to retirement or repurposing of the services.

May 1990-Justice Minister Kim Campbell introduces Bill C-80, which improves the FAC screening process, defines safe storage, bans some military weapons and large-capacity magazines,

This introduces additional complexity into the task which slows the process down significantly, thereby increasing the degree of lock-picking skill required to a level which very few people would have.

The process of lossy-to-lossy transcoding introduces varying degrees of generation loss.

Conventional energy for processing foods is available in the range of at most a few cents per kwhr for electric power and the equivalent of a few mills per kwhr for process steam.

There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into sonic energy, producing a sound wave.

This corresponds to a speed of around 0. 05 c. There is surprisingly small variation around this energy, due to the heavy dependence of the half-life of this process on the energy produced ( see equations in the Geiger – Nuttall law ).

The single-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair, + →, cannot occur in free space because it is impossible to conserve energy and momentum together in this process.

In quantum field theory, this process is allowed only as an intermediate quantum state for times short enough that the violation of energy conservation can be accommodated by the uncertainty principle.

In an adiabatic irreversible process, dQ = 0 is not equal to TdS ( TdS > 0 ) where Q is thermal energy, T is temperature, and S is entropy.

For a simple substance, during an adiabatic process in which the volume increases, the internal energy of the working substance must decrease

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

Dissociation absorbs a great deal of energy in a reversible process.

The use of oxygen as part of the process for generating metabolic energy produces reactive oxygen species.

This process is not quite the opposite of glycolysis, and actually requires three times the amount of energy gained from glycolysis ( six molecules of ATP are used, compared to the two gained in glycolysis ).

It can be used to partially replace the extensive crushing and grinding that translates to prohibitive cost and energy consumption in a conventional process.

Then, removing the catalyst would also result in reaction, producing energy ; i. e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy.

The internal energy change of a process is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter.

As a substitute for a flush water process, it reduces the energy consumption and, hence, greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transportation and processing of water and waste water.

A heat engine acts by transferring energy from a warm region to a cool region of space and, in the process, converting some of that energy to mechanical work.

The system may be worked upon by an external force, and in the process, it can transfer thermal energy from a cooler system to a warmer one, thereby acting as a refrigerator or heat pump rather than a heat engine.

A self-replicating machine would need to have the capacity to gather energy and raw materials, process the raw materials into finished components, and then assemble them into a copy of itself.

The reverse process in which electrons are released in redox reactions and can be used as electrical energy is possible and is used in the batteries.

Chloroplasts capture light energy, store it in the energy storage molecules ATP and NADPH and use it in the process called photosynthesis to make organic molecules and free oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.