Frederick Pohl's `` The Midas Touch '' ( 1954 ) predicts an economy of abundance which, in order to remain prosperous, must set its robots to consuming surplus production ; ;

Rents on agricultural land were seen as the production that was surplus to the subsistence required by the tenants.

From the 1830s and 1840s, Prussia, Saxony, and other states reorganized agriculture, introducing sugar beets, turnips, and potatoes, yielding a higher level of food production that enabled a surplus rural population to move to industrial areas.

The introduction of sugar beets, turnips, and potatoes yielded a higher level of food production, which enabled a surplus rural population to move to industrial areas.

Any surplus from that production is allotted in different ways.

Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia.

The first form of the equation expresses the value resulting from production, focusing on the costs and the surplus value appropriated in the process of production,.

Market socialism refers to an array of different economic theories and systems that utilise the market mechanism to organise production and to allocate factor inputs among socially owned enterprises, with the economic surplus ( profits ) accruing to society in a social dividend as opposed to private capital owners.

This analysis highlights the fact that the Soviet economy was structured upon the accumulation of capital and the extraction of surplus value from the working class by the planning agency in order to reinvest the surplus in new production in a perpetual cycle – or to distribute to managers and senior officials in the form of bonuses, indicating the Soviet Union ( and other Soviet-type economies ) were in reality state capitalist economies.

It also provided the basis for the centralized state form by producing a large surplus of food, which created a more complex division of labor by enabling people to specialize in tasks other than food production.

By that definition, a state capitalist country is one where the government controls the economy and essentially acts like a single huge corporation, extracting the surplus value from the workforce in order to invest it in further production.

The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before.

Lowering the prices would encourage businesses to curtail production to prevent losses, which would eliminate the surplus.

The key theoretical basis for market socialism is the negation of the underlying expropriation of surplus value present in other, exploitative, modes of production.

Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.

Physiocrats viewed the production of goods and services as consumption of the agricultural surplus, since the main source of power was from human or animal muscle and all energy was derived from the surplus from agricultural production.

In some schools of heterodox economics, the economic surplus denotes the total income which the ruling class derives from its ownership of scarce factors of production, which is either reinvested or spent on consumption.

Kyocera phone models SS-66K and SD-66K are no longer in production but still available in the second-hand and surplus market.

The Federal Farm Board's purchase of surplus could not keep up with the production-as farmers realized that they could just sell the government their crops, they reimplemented the use of fertilizers and other techniques to increase production.

To accomplish its goal of parity ( raising crop prices to where they were in the golden years of 1909-1914 ), the Act had to eliminate surplus production.

The new work was a boon to the partnership, not only for its own value but particularly for the stimulation it provided to the imagination of J. R. Brown toward yet further developments for production equipment.

In a culture that set a high value on oratory and public performances of all kinds, in which the production of books was very labor-intensive, the majority of the population was illiterate, and where those with the leisure to enjoy literary works also had slaves to read for them, written texts were more likely to be seen as scripts for recitation than as vehicles of silent reflection.

The magazine's stated criteria for the Hall of Fame encompasses " games that have met or exceeded the highest standards of quality and play value and have been continuously in production for at least 10 years ; i. e., classics.

Coins may be minted that have fiat values lower than the value of their component metals, but this is never done intentionally and initially for circulation coins, and happens only in due course later in the history of coin production due to inflation, as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin.

Opportunity cost refers to the economic cost of production: the value of the next best opportunity foregone.

The classical economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and their followers focuses on physical resources in defining its factors of production, and discusses the distribution of cost and value among these factors.

Labor, not labor power, is the key factor of production for Marx and the basis for Marx's labor theory of value.

According to economic theory, a " factor of production " is used to create value and allow economic performance.

* Cost of production theory of value

Crenshaw tells ( and mentions the sources ) that Van Goyen's landscape paintings rarely fetched high prices, but he made up for the modest value of individual pieces by increasing his production, painting thinly and quickly with a limited palette of inexpensive pigments.

When speaking in terms of a labor theory of value, value, without any qualifying adjective should theoretically refer to the amount of labor necessary to the production of a marketable commodity, including the labor necessary to the development of any real capital employed in the production.

The labor theory of value, as presented by Adam Smith, however, did not require the quantification of all past labor, nor did it deal with the labor needed to create the tools ( capital ) that might be employed in the production of a commodity.

Smith's theory of price ( which for many is the same as value ) has nothing to do with the past labor spent in the production of a commodity.

The value of a commodity increases in proportion to the duration and intensity of labor performed on average for its production.

So though workers may labor with greater skill or more productivity than others, these more skillful and more productive workers will thus produce more value through the production of greater quantities of the finished commodity: each unit still bearing the same value as all the others of the same class of commodity.

So the labor process inevitably involves these means of production that already enter the process with a certain amount of value.

Labor also requires other means of production that are not produced with labor and therefore bear no value: such as sunlight, air, uncultivated land, un-extracted minerals, etc.

While useful, even crucial to the production process, these bring no value to that process.

In terms of means of production resulting from another labor process, LTV treats the magnitude of value of these produced means of production as constant throughout the labor process.

" The second exercise is the " Whispered Ah ," which is used to coordinate and free breathing & vocal production.

His transportation network moved smuggled liquor from the rum-runners of the East Coast, The Purple Gang in Detroit, who brought liquor in from Canada, with help from Belle River native Blaise Diesbourg, also known as " King Canada ," and local production which came from Midwestern moonshine operations and illegal breweries.

* Fort Garry Brewing Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba: " Munich ," a limited production eisbock ( 9. 5 %)

" Truth ," as he defines it, is a " system of ordered procedures for the production, regulation, distribution, circulation, and operation of statements " which has a " circular relation " with systems of power.

" While the economic slowdown has created a difficult business environment, we are encouraged by brisk activity from new and existing propeller fleet operators placing almost 200 orders for 2009 production aircraft ," Pelton stated.

For Adorno and Horkheimer state intervention in the economy had effectively abolished the tension in capitalism between the " relations of production " and " material productive forces of society ," a tension which, according to traditional critical theory, constituted the primary contradiction within capitalism.

According to Samsung this was because the " Demand for the old ' Square monitors ' has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years ," and " I predict that by the end of 2011, production on all 4: 3 or similar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand.

Many departments offer honors programs requiring students seeking that distinction to engage in " independent, sustained work ," culminating in the production of a thesis.

Ludwig von Mises argued in Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth that the pricing systems in socialist economies were necessarily deficient because if a public entity owned all the means of production no rational prices could be obtained for capital goods as they were merely internal transfers of goods and not " objects of exchange ," unlike final goods.

Nicknamed the " Pearl of the Antilles ," it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies, with a slave society based on sugar cane production when demand for sugar was high in Europe.

" By default, American individualists had no difficulty accepting the concepts that " one man employ another " or that " he direct him ," in his labor but rather demanded that " all natural opportunities requisite to the production of wealth be accessible to all on equal terms and that monopolies arising from special privileges created by law be abolished.

Otherwise the beer would qualify as a " beer concentrate ," which is illegal under ATF rules governing beer production.

Lewenstein, still a bit cool, put the London production in a " sort of Off-West End theatre ," the Jeanetta Cochrane Theatre in Bloomsbury, under the direction of Charles Marowitz.

Robert Hugill for Music and Vision called the production " astonishing … nearly twenty years after its premier ," while City Beats Tom McElfresh called Nixon's score " a character in the drama " and " too intricate, too detailed to qualify as minimalist.

It is a dirty bourgeois trick, in which many radicals unknowingly participate, that " economic democracy " has been re-interpreted as " employee ownership " and " workplace democracy " and has come to mean workers ' " participation " in profit sharing and industrial management rather than freedom from the tyranny of the factory, rationalized labor, and " planned production ," which is usually exploitative production with the complicity of the workers.

Though The Times judged it a " miserable failure ," the production did much to overturn the tendency to scenic and antiquarian excess that had peaked with Charles Kean.

While the storylines and production were remembered by children, the adult jokes like those about the Welsh in " Ivor the Engine ," or the fact that the Clangers swore occasionally ; gave them both an instant parent engagement as well as a later revival with children who had grown up and were re-watching their favourite programmes.

* William E. L. Grossman, " The optical characteristics and production of diffraction gratings ," Journal of Chemical Education 70: 9 ( Sep 1993 ), p. 741.

" As a result, Kazan was forced to " baby-sit the young actor in side-by-side trailers ," so he wouldn't run away during production.

Using six different climate model simulations, a large multi-university study of ocean ecosystems predicts, by 2050 A. D., " a global increase in primary production of 0. 7 % at the low end to 8. 1 % at the high end ," although with " very large regional differences " including " a contraction of the highly productive marginal sea ice biome by 42 % in the Northern Hemisphere and 17 % in the Southern Hemisphere.

Marx sometimes used the term " productive forces " equivalently with " factors of production ;" in Capital, he uses " factors of production ," in his famous Preface to the Critique of Political Economy, he uses " productive forces " ( note that this is in the English versions and may depend on the translation.

The information-gathering part of a journalist's job is sometimes called " reporting ," in contrast to the production part of the job such as writing articles.

They are agents for " primary production ," the creation of organic compounds from carbon dioxide dissolved in the water, a process that sustains the aquatic food web.