As early as 1483, Richard III recognised the value of literary works by specifically exempting them from the government's protectionist legislation.

Harding urged increasing protectionist tariffs, to lower taxes, and agriculture legislation to help the farmer.

The Court has defined " protectionist " state legislation as " regulatory measures designed to benefit in-state economic interests by burdening out-of-state competitors.

Bush supports free trade policies and legislation but has resorted to protectionist policies on occasion.

NASSCOM strongly supports the elimination of the cap on H-1B visas in the United States as this protectionist anti free market legislation allows overpaid underskilled American nationals to hold jobs which are better and cheaply performed by Indian expatriates.

It was actually established as a substitute for tariff reform and protectionist legislation and this is why it was eventually abolished in 1933, as a system of imperial preference replaced free trade.

Although he was a major figure in the protectionist wing of the Conservative Party after 1844, Disraeli's relations with the other leading figures in the party, particularly Lord Derby, the overall leader, were often strained.

The first opportunity for the protectionist Tories under Disraeli and Stanley to take office came in 1851, when Lord John Russell's government was defeated in the House of Commons over the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851.

The party was saved after Salisbury's retirement in 1902 when his successor, Arthur Balfour, pushed a series of unpopular initiatives such as a new education bill and Joseph Chamberlain called for a new system of protectionist tariffs.

Again the woollen manufacturers, in true protectionist style, claimed that this was taking away jobs from workers in Coventry.

Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues, but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy.

The relationship was additionally strained due to Germany's protectionist trade policies.

Lyons was therefore happy to be perceived as " protectionist ".

The rapid catching-up of emerging economies with developed countries sparked some protectionist tensions during the period and was partly responsible for an increase in energy and food prices at the end of the decade.

The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.

Southern states such as South Carolina contended that the tariff was unconstitutional and were opposed to the newer protectionist tariffs, but Western agricultural states favored them, as well as New England ’ s industries.

He believed that a protectionist tariff had been mandated by the people through the election, and that it was necessary for America ’ s wealth and prosperity.

The lifting of protectionist measures for the cashew industry in Mozambique was an attempt to increase the incomes of cashew farmers and reduce poverty in the country.

It was based on five main pillars: complete free trade and no protectionist policies against British imports, finance with a central bank managed by British investors, absolute control of the port of Buenos Aires as the sole source of income from national customs, British exploitation of the national natural resources, and an Unitarist national organization centred in Buenos Aires.

* The Protectionist Roots of Antitrust by Donald J. Boudreaux and Thomas J. DiLorenzo " antitrust was a protectionist institution from the very beginning ; there never was a " golden age of antitrust " besieged by rampant cartelization "

The provisions were characterised as imposing a burden on interstate trade that was protectionist in nature, and therefore contravened section 92 of the constitution.

The programme, which was the brainchild of T. K. Whitaker, involved a move away from the protectionist policies that had been in place since the 1930s.

One could attend the various revisions of the Paris and Berne conventions, participate in the cosmopolitan moral dialogue about the need to protect the fruits of authorial labor and inventive genius ... knowing all the while that one's domestic intellectual property system was a handy protectionist weapon.

Gramm, a proponent of free trade, also lashed out at Republican Patrick J. Buchanan, arguing that Buchanan was a " protectionist ".

For 12 years from 1847, Robert Stephenson, son of George Stephenson, engineer to the Whitby and Pickering Railway, was the Conservative MP for the town promoted by Hudson as a fellow protectionist.

The BUF was anti-communist and protectionist, and proposed replacing parliamentary democracy with executives elected to represent specific industries, trades or other professional interest groups – a system similar to the corporatism of the Italian fascists.

In the early 1970s, Chile experienced chronic inflation reaching highs of 140 percent per annum, at a time when the country, under high protectionist barriers, had no foreign reserves, and GDP was falling.

However, it was Joseph Chamberlain's proposals for Tariff Reform in May 1903 that provided the Liberals with a great and nationally-resonating cause on which to campaign and unify, due to its protectionist nature.

Another effect was to make it very expensive to run cars imported from countries where there was no fiscal incentive to minimise cylinder diameters: this may have limited car imports from the USA to Europe during a period when western governments were employing naked protectionist policies in response to economic depression, and thereby encouraged US auto-makers wishing to exploit the European auto-markets to set up their own dedicated subsidiary plants in the larger European markets.

For example, lobbying by the sugar manufacturers might result in an inefficient subsidy for the production of sugar, either direct or by protectionist measures.

They were helped out by protectionist policies, which reduced the competition from foreign products.

By placing high tariffs on imports and other protectionist, inward-looking trade policies the citizens of the respected country by simple supply and demand rationale will substitute the lesser expensive good for the more expensive.

Professor Tom Garvin has found ( 2004 ) that the protectionist policies were first suggested to de Valera by Lemass in a paper written in 1929 – 30, and then adopted following the change of government in 1932.

Punch ( magazine ) | Punch cartoon, 1930: The character on the right represents a skeptical Britain becoming increasingly protectionist and dissatisfied with its Free Trade policies, as represented by the Wilkins Micawber | Micawber character to the left, during the Great Depression.

While noting the success of protectionism, Chang has attempted to argue that it would be unfair if the developed countries now re-instituted protectionism by stating that those countries that used protectionist policies during their growth would be trying to " kick away the ladder " from developing countries.

Tariffs, subsidies or other protectionist measures may also be instituted by government in order to prevent or reduce competition.

Critics of protectionist steel trade policies attribute the cause of this lack of competitiveness to American steel producers like Bethlehem having been shielded from foreign competition by quotas, voluntary export restraints, minimum price undertakings, and antidumping and countervailing duty measures which were in effect for the three decades preceding Bethlehem Steel's collapse.

Despite that the party gained success in the general election of 1928, often called the Cossack Election, on a clearly anti-socialist program, the government later formed by the party did not respect the concept of market economy, but continued the protectionist policy by generous financial aid.

Though influenced by Adam Smith, Radischev maintained protectionist views, condemning unnecessary international trade and proposing stronger domestic production.

Influenced by the economic reaction which took place in 1879 in consequence of the state of affairs in Germany, where Prince Otto von Bismarck had introduced the protectionist system, a Protectionist party had been formed, which tried to gain adherents in the Riksdag.

It is true that in the Riksdag of 1882 the commercial treaty with France was renewed, but since 1885 the protectionist party was prepared to begin the combat, and a duty on barley, which had been proposed in the Riksdag of the same year, was rejected by only a slight majority.

At last Baron Gillis Bildt, who, while Swedish ambassador in Berlin, had witnessed the introduction by Otto von Bismarck of the agrarian protectionist system in Germany, accepted the premiership, and it was under his auspices that the two chambers imposed a series of duties on necessaries of life.

This immigration was enhanced by the protectionist measures of the Franco regime, as the expanding Basque economy required more workers from elsewhere to fill the gap in the labour force.

Reid's posthumous reputation suffered from the general acceptance of protectionist policies by other parties, as well as from his buffoonish public image.