Chromium metal left standing in air is passivated by oxygen, forming a thin protective oxide surface layer.

The opposite effect can be achieved by treatment with a strong reducing agent that destroys the protective oxide layer on the metal.

Finally, a protective coating of a photo-polymerizable lacquer is applied on top of the metal reflector and cured with UV-light.

Because of the high reactivity, samples of solid europium rarely have the shiny appearance of the fresh metal, even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil.

In addition, the inscription on the gravestone of third son, the 8th headmaster of the Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Kenjutsu, states that his exploits included improving the bokuto and shinai, and refining the armour by adding a metal grille to the men ( head piece ) and thick cotton protective coverings to the kote ( gauntlets ).

Another problem with knives that have metal handles is that, since metal is an excellent heat-conductor, these knives can be very uncomfortable, and even painful or dangerous, when handled without gloves or other protective handwear in ( very ) cold climates.

Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can be observed when nickel is powdered to maximize the exposed surface area on which reactions can occur, but larger pieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambient conditions due to the formation of a protective oxide surface.

Optical coatings, protective and decorative coatings, and electro-optic components can be applied to glass, metal and other types of substrates with these methods.

Touring subwoofer cabinets are typically designed with features that facilitate moving the enclosure ( e. g., wheels, a " towel bar " handle and recessed handles ), a protective grill for the speaker ( in direct radiating-style cabinets ), metal or plastic protection for the cabinets to protect the finish as the cabinets are being slid one on top of another, and hardware to facilitate stacking the cabinets ( e. g., interlocking corners ) and for " flying " the cabinets from stage rigging.

The Magnetometer Support Unit: Formed to ensure that all persons entering secure areas occupied by Secret Service protectees are unarmed, the Secret Service began relying on magnetometer ( metal detector ) support by Uniformed Division officers to augment its protective efforts away from the White House following the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan.

Fungi have been found to have a protective role for plants rooted in soils with high metal concentrations, such as acidic and contaminated soils.

Note the two sharp 3 / 8 " metal micropoints and the protective yellow plastic.

For cleaning aluminium objects, the use of sodium bicarbonate is discouraged as it attacks the thin unreactive protective oxide layer of this otherwise very reactive metal.

These metal modules ( typically employing perpendicular rods ) have many perforations or expansion spaces reducing the weight up to about a third while keeping the protective qualities fairly constant.

To maximize the view for spectators, a seamless protective glass barrier consisting of tempered glass panels clipped together at their top corners with clear plastic brackets is used instead of traditional plexiglass with metal dividers.

At its first level, Shell Bullet covers Kazuma's right arm with protective metal armor and creates three curved fins of metal jutting out from his right shoulder blade, each progressively larger as they near his shoulder ( only the middle one is the largest one ).

To penetrate the husk's hard protective shell, a metal vise or hammer can be used to compress the shell until it lightly fractures, then the pressure is released and the seed is re-positioned to crack it along a different plane.

The Nth metal also regulates the body temperature of the wearer, preventing the need for heavy protective clothing while in high altitudes.

Some metals are classified as " unsolderable " in air, and have to be either coated with another metal before soldering or special fluxes and / or protective atmospheres have to be used.

Used this way, Parkerizing is thus becoming a protective and decorative finishing technique that is used over other underlying improved techniques of metal protection.

* In the paint industry, it forms protective coatings for surfaces with painting and printing ink, has antioxidant properties, helps as a rust inhibitor, is a colour-intensifying agent, catalyst, conditioning aid modifier, and dispersing aid ; it is a good stabilizing and suspending agent, emulsifier, and wetting agent, helps in maintaining uniform mixture of several pigments, helps in grinding of metal oxide pigments, is a spreading and mixing aid, prevents hard settling of pigments, eliminates foam in water-based paints, and helps in fast dispersion of latex-based paints.

Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films, either to provide a protective layer ( as in silicon dioxide over aluminium ), or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film.

Techniques of protecting the climber are similar to those of rock climbing, although the protective devices themselves are different ( ice screws, snow wedges ).

These aliens show an ant-like group behavior, and are very protective of their leader, much like Earth ants protecting their queen.

In multi-agent units ( like those protecting a head of state ) one or more bodyguards may have training in specific tasks, such as providing a protective escort, crowd screening and control, or searching for explosives or electronic surveillance devices (" bugs ").

If an identifiable sub-population is more susceptible due to inherent genetic or other factors, there is a policy choice whether to set policies for protecting the general population that are protective of such groups ( as is currently done for children when data exists, or is done under the Clean Air Act for populations such as asthmatics ) or whether if the group is too small, or the costs to high.

The Wardian case was an early type of sealed protective container for plants, which found great use in the 19th Century in protecting foreign plants imported to Europe from overseas, the great majority of which had previously died from exposure during long sea journeys, frustrating the many scientific and amateur botanists of the time.

A protective hood was then removed on the new WFPC ( protecting its fragile external mirror ) and the new WFPC was then installed at 1: 05 am EST.

A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group in order to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction.

These feminists view statutory rape laws as more controlling than protective -- and of course part of the law's historic role was protecting the female's chastity as valuable property ".

The government, in a project headed by Wade Eiling and the scientist Megala, was experimenting with the effects of atomic energy on an alien metal they had taken from a crashed spaceship to determine its full protective abilities ; such as protecting a human being from a nuclear blast.

* Placed 18 properties under protective easement Virginia Department of Historic Resources, this includes protecting over 700 acres of land

* Protectors can ’ t usually let go of their protective roles and transform until the exiles they are protecting have been unburdened.

The mission of the Coast Guard Investigative Service ( CGIS ) is to conduct professional criminal investigations, engage in law enforcement information and intelligence collection, provide protective services, and establish and maintain law enforcement liaison directed at preserving the integrity of the Coast Guard, protecting the welfare of Coast Guard people, and supporting Coast Guard and Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) maritime law enforcement and counter-terrorism missions worldwide.

The Nordendorf fibula ( early 7th century ) clearly records pagan theonyms, logaþorewodanwigiþonar read as " Wodan and Donar are magicians / sorcerers ", but this may be interpreted as either a pagan invocation of the powers of these deities, or a Christian protective charm against them.

Whether hand laid or built in a mould, FRP boats usually have an outer coating of gelcoat which is a thin solid colored layer of polyester resin that adds no structural strength, but does create a smooth surface which can be buffed to a high shine and also acts as a protective layer against sunlight.

The trial showed a 64 % protective effect, which is very similar to the figure derived from other UK trials, thus arguing against the genetic variation hypothesis.

* Leprosy: BCG has a small protective effect against leprosy of around 26 %, although it is not used specifically for this purpose.

Sulforaphane, which may be found in vegetables such as broccoli, has been shown to be protective against prostate cancer, however, much of it is destroyed when the vegetable is boiled.

* Industry: Carabiners used for access in commercial and industrial environments within Europe must comply with EN 362: 2004 " Personal protective equipment against falls from a height.

Mail is used as protective clothing for butchers against meat-packing equipment.

However, many units retained cuirasses and helmets for their protective value against sword and bayonet strikes and the morale boost these provide to the wearers.

One of the few socialists to endorse the ERA, she warned that protective legislation for women would mean only discrimination against women.

A nation-state for the ethnic group derives political legitimacy from its status as homeland of that ethnic group, from its protective function against colonization, persecution or racism, and from its claim to facilitate the shared cultural and social life, which may not have been possible under the ethnic group's previous status as an ethnic minority.

This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

Epidemiological studies have shown that high concentrations of HDL ( over 60 mg / dL ) have protective value against cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction.

The effect of IFN on p53 is also linked to its protective role against certain cancers.

Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, leaving an SLA-controlled border strip as a protective buffer against PLO cross-border attacks.

Because it is a protective measure intended to safeguard the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, it does not prevent the police from taking blood without a warrant from persons suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol.

This and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs as a protective treatment against any possible nerve gas attack, have been proposed as a possible cause of Gulf War syndrome.

A 2006 review of n − 3 fatty acids found in abundance in oily fish concluded that they do not have a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease.

As medieval Spanish kings often could not offer adequate protection, protective municipal leagues began to emerge in the 12th century against bandits and other rural criminals, and against the lawless nobility or to support one or another claimant to the crown.

A trade bloc is a group of allied countries agreeing to minimize or eliminate tariffs against trade with each other, and possibly to impose protective tariffs on imports from outside the bloc.

According to the EMP Commission Executive Report of 2004, " In general, it would not be an issue for critical infrastructure systems since they have existing protective measures for defense against occasional lightning strikes.

Tin foil hats are seen by some as a protective measure against the effects of electromagnetic radiation ( EMR ).

Vaccinia virus also produces cytosolic proteins and peptides that have many disulfide bonds ; although the reason for this is unknown presumably they have protective effects against intracellular proteolysis machinery.

The report stated that ECT does not have a long-term protective effect against suicide and should be regarded as a short-term treatment for an acute episode of illness, to be followed by continuation therapy in the form of drug treatment or further ECT at weekly to monthly intervals.

This increase in mortality, he postulated, was large enough to overwhelm any protective effect the presence of a gun might have by deterring or defending against burglaries or home invasions, which occurred much less frequently.