Therefore, sharp turns in a shelter entrance will reduce radiation intensity inside the shelter.

Forty-nine hours after an atomic burst the radiation intensity is only about 1 percent of what it was an hour after the explosion.

Mars has been observed twice at about 3-cm wave length, and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of Mars.

The low intensity of the radiation from Saturn has limited observations, but again the measured radiation seems to be consistent with a thermal origin.

No attempts to measure the radio emission of the remaining planets have been reported, and, because of their distances, small diameters, or low temperatures, the thermal radiation at radio wave lengths reaching the earth from these sources is expected to be of very low intensity.

The observable characteristics of planetary radio radiation are the intensity, the polarization, and the direction of arrival of the waves.

Measurements of polarization are presently limited by apparatus sensitivity and will remain difficult because of the low intensity of the planetary radiation at the earth.

Other than this very significant result, most of the information now available about the radio emission of the planets is restricted to the intensity of the radiation.

The apparent black-body disk temperature is the temperature which must be assumed for the black body in order that the intensity of its radiation should equal that of the observed radiation.

In addition it is necessary that the lamp emits radiation of intensity at least an order of magnitude above that of a typical HCL over the entire wavelength range from 190 nm to 900 nm.

In fact, any increase or decrease in radiation intensity that is observed to the same extent at all pixels chosen for correction is eliminated by the correction algorithm.

This obviously also includes a reduction of the measured intensity due to radiation scattering or molecular absorption, which is corrected in the same way.

The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of watt per steradian.

The vanes rotate when exposed to light, with faster rotation for more intense light, providing a quantitative measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensity.

A Crookes radiometer, consistent with the word-element " meter " in its title, can provide a quantitative measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensity.

In electromagnetic radiation ( such as microwaves from an antenna, shown here ) the term applies only to the parts of the electromagnetic field that radiate into infinite space and decrease in intensity by an inverse-square law of power, so that the total radiation energy that crosses through an imaginary spherical surface is the same, no matter how far away from the antenna the spherical surface is drawn.

The intensity of this radiation is spin dependent, which causes polarization of the electron beam — a process known as the Sokolov – Ternov effect.

It is found that increasing the intensity of the incident radiation ( so long as one remains in the linear regime ) increases only the number of electrons ejected, and has almost no effect on the energy distribution of their ejection.

Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.

The radiation then passes through a monochromator in order to separate the element-specific radiation from any other radiation emitted by the radiation source, which is finally measured by a detector.

In LS AAS the high resolution that is required for the measurement of atomic absorption is provided by the narrow line emission of the radiation source, and the monochromator simply has to resolve the analytical line from other radiation emitted by the lamp.

This way any ( unmodulated ) radiation emitted for example by the atomizer can be excluded, which is imperative for LS AAS.

A related concept is the spectral linewidth of the radiation emitted by excited atoms.

Background radiation is the ionizing radiation constantly present in the natural environment of the Earth, which is emitted by natural and artificial sources.

Once begun, avalanches are often intensified by the creation of photoelectrons as a result of ultraviolet radiation emitted by the excited medium's atoms in the aft-tip region.

Electromagnetic radiation ( EM radiation or EMR ) is a form of energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles, which exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space.

In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete packets, which leads to a finite total energy emitted as black body radiation.

The " electromagnetic spectrum " of an object has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.

Irradiation of food is the exposure of food to ionizing radiation ; either high-energy electrons or X-rays from accelerators, or by gamma rays ( emitted from radioactive sources as Cobalt-60 or Caesium-137 ).

The radiation process is unrelated to nuclear energy, but it may use the radiation emitted from radioactive nuclides produced in nuclear reactors.

In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed radiation.

The emitted radiation may also be of the same wavelength as the absorbed radiation, termed " resonance fluorescence ".

The most striking examples of fluorescence occur when the absorbed radiation is in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, and thus invisible to the human eye, and the emitted light is in the visible region.

In a key experiment he used a prism to isolate ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and observed blue light emitted by an ethanol solution of quinine exposed by it.

On the one hand, the Public Health Service declared as recently as October 26 that present radiation levels resulting from the Soviet shots `` do not warrant undue public concern '' or any action to limit the intake of radioactive substances by individuals or large population groups anywhere in the Aj.

A recent study on radiation exposure by the AEC's division of biology and medicine stated: `` The question of the biological effect of ( radiation ) doses is not considered '' herein.

Radio reception is cut down by the shielding necessary to keep out radiation.

A completely new insight into living cells and their structure will be possible by use of a new technique which replaces visible light with ultraviolet radiation and combines a microscope with a color-TV system to view the results.

Three different wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation are selected by the variable filters placed in front of the three mercury xenon lights which serve as the ultraviolet sources.

A good example of the results obtainable with ultrasonic radiation is contained in papers presented by Dr. G. Baum who has explored the human eye.

This result suggests a very high temperature at the solid surface of the planet, although there is the possibility that the observed radiation may be a combination of both thermal and non-thermal components and that the observed spectrum is that of a black body merely by coincidence.

The study of the radio emission of the moon and planets began with the detection of the thermal radiation of the moon at 1.25-cm wave length by Dicke and Beringer ( 1946 ).

Piddington and Minnett explained their observations by pointing out that rocklike materials which are likely to make up the surface of the moon would be partially transparent to radio waves, although opaque to infrared radiation.

This sporadic type of planetary radiation is discussed by Burke ( chap. 13 ) and Gallet ( chap. 14 ).

The quiescent level of centimeter wave-length solar radiation would increase the average disk brightness temperature by less than 1-degree.

Heat transfer by molecular conduction as well as by radiation from the arc column.

The reflection of radiation originating from the anode holder and reflected back to it by the surrounding metal surfaces should also be small because of the peculiar characteristic of the metal surfaces and of the specific geometry.

Wyatt and Whipple, 1950 ), which is a retardation of the orbital motion of particles by the relativistic aberration of the repulsive force of the impinging solar radiation, causes the dust to spiral into the sun in times much shorter than the age of the Earth.

Because of undesirable flavors, odors, colors, and generally low palatability associated with radiation treatment of this magnitude, the inactivation of enzymes is best accomplished prior to irradiation by the conventional heat-processing methods of blanching.

The present status of food preservation by ionizing radiation is discussed by food classes in the following paragraphs.

The Bohr model of the atom fixed the problem of energy loss from radiation from a ground state ( by declaring that there was no state below this ), and more importantly explained the origin of spectral lines.

In general, external alpha radiation is not harmful since alpha particles are effectively shielded by a few centimeters of air, a piece of paper, or the thin layer of dead skin cells.

The higher value for alpha radiation is generally attributable to the high linear energy transfer ( LET ) coefficient, which is about one ionization of a chemical bond for every angstrom of travel by the alpha particle.

The RBE has been set at the value of 20 for alpha radiation by various government regulations.

The death of Marie Curie at age 66 from leukemia was probably caused by prolonged exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, but it is not clear if this was due to alpha radiation or X-rays.