Charles Maurras of the French far-right reactionary monarchist Action française admired fascism and praised Mussolini as a Bonapartist " in spirit ", and the Action française adopted fascist policies.

French nationalist and reactionary monarchist Charles Maurras influenced fascism.

It was hoped that by ringing France with a number of liberal states, French republicanism could defeat Mac-Mahon and his reactionary supporters.

He also continued to support the French Gen. Pierre Augereau's reactionary coup d ' état of 18 September 1801 in the Batavian Republic, and its new constitution, ratified by a sham election, that brought it into closer alignment with its dominant partner.

Heine became increasingly critical of despotism and reactionary chauvinism in Germany, of nobility and clerics but also of the narrow-mindedness of ordinary people and of the rising German form of nationalism, especially in contrast to the French and the revolution.

However, the defeat of Napoleon enabled conservative and reactionary regimes such as those of the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and Tsarist Russia to survive, laying the groundwork for the Congress of Vienna and the alliance that strove to oppose radical demands for change ushered in by the French Revolution.

The French Revolution gave the English language three politically descriptive words denoting anti-progressive politics: reactionary, conservative and right.

In this French usage, reactionary denotes " a movement towards the reversal of an existing tendency or state " and a " return to a previous condition of affairs.

In the nineteenth century, reactionary denoted people who idealised feudalism and the pre-modern era — before the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution — when economies were mostly agrarian, a landed aristocracy dominated society, a hereditary king ruled and the Roman Catholic Church was society's moral center.

** Ultra-royalists, a nineteenth-century reactionary faction of the French parliament

Thanks to Engels ' assistance, he again contacted the French workers ' movement from London, after it had started to regain ground lost with the reactionary repression under Adolphe Thiers during the first years of the Third Republic.

File: Jmaistre. jpg | Joseph de Maistre, leader of the reactionary Legitimistes after the French Revolution.

The age of the Concert is sometimes known as the Age of Metternich, due to the influence of the Austrian chancellor's conservatism and the dominance of Austria within the German Confederation, or as the European Restoration, because of the reactionary efforts of the Congress of Vienna to restore Europe to its state before the French Revolution.

This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French.

He was protractor of the committee which drew up the constitution of the year III which established the French Directory ; his report shows apprehension of a return of the Reign of Terror, and presents reactionary measures as precautions against the re-establishment of " tyranny and anarchy ".

French Socialists, in their newspaper L ' Humanité, declared: " Not a man, not a sou, not a shell for reactionary and capitalist Poland.

Also, Neamul Românesc showed a preference for Action Française and the French reactionary right in their conflict with the Third Republic.

The Reds criticized the Conservative government for its reactionary policy with reference to the peasants but, deluded in its hopes by Napoleon III, the Government counted on French support and persisted in its tactics.

Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger ( April 29, 1837 – September 30, 1891 ) was a French general and reactionary politician.

Known for strong reactionary, ultramontane, and Ultra-royalist views, he became the French minister of foreign affairs under Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villèle in December 1821.

The ensuing French intervention ended with the Battle of Trocadero, which reinstated Ferdinand VII of Spain and opened a reactionary period of Spanish and European politics that led to the Year of Revolutions, 1848.

In the late 18th century, reactionary conspiracy theorists, such as Scottish physicist John Robison and French Jesuit priest Augustin Barruel, began speculating that the Illuminati survived their suppression and became the masterminds behind the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.

Ryerson believed, “ The Toronto Tory and the Quebec corporatist meet on common ground: hostility to the democratic peoples ’ movement, denial of our democratic heritage .” Following on his contentions laid out in 1837, Ryerson viewed the failure of English Canada to recognise their connection to French Canada and to fight hand in hand for the fullest democratic rights of the minority nation only served to deepen the power of reactionary influences and limit Canadian democracy and unity in general.

This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order.

When the reactionary response is thus bolstered by an intellectual defense, the characteristics of that defense are explicable only in terms of the basic attitudes of unanalyzed reaction.

Highlights of the strip's final decades include " Boomchik " ( 1961 ), in which America's international prestige is saved by Mammy Yokum, " Daisy Mae Steps Out " ( 1966 ), a female-empowering tale of Daisy's brazenly audacious “ homewrecker gland ," " The Lips of Marcia Perkins " ( 1967 ), a satirical, thinly-veiled commentary on venereal disease and public health warnings, " Ignoble Savages " ( 1968 ), in which the Mob takes over Harvard, and " Corporal Crock " ( 1973 ), in which Bullmoose reveals his reactionary cartoon role model, in a tale of obsession and the fanatical world of comic book collecting.

According to his own statement, he was deterred from presenting himself at Rome by the warnings of Cardinal Contarini, whom he found at Bologna, dying of poison administered by the reactionary party.

It was assumed by the revolutionaries that reactionary and monarchist forces preferred regional languages in an attempt to keep the peasant masses under-informed.

Chaplin decided not to re-enter the United States, writing: " Since the end of the last world war, I have been the object of lies and propaganda by powerful reactionary groups who, by their influence and by the aid of America's yellow press, have created an unhealthy atmosphere in which liberal-minded individuals can be singled out and persecuted.

But they were followed by a reactionary governor, Francisco Lersundi, who suppressed all liberties granted by the previous governors and maintained a pro-slavery regime.

In the United States, liberalism took a strong root because it had little opposition to its ideals, whereas in Europe liberalism was opposed by many reactionary interests.

Fascism was praised by a number of right-wing, conservative, and reactionary political figures and movements.

Economic recovery had been hampered by the separatist disputes in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, resistance to reform on the part of some corrupt and reactionary factions, and Asian financial crisis.

Europe was racked by two decades of war revolving around France's efforts to spread its revolutionary ideals, and the opposition of reactionary royalty.

Fragmented by the war, Spain was destabilised as different political parties representing " liberal ", " reactionary " and " moderate " groups throughout the remainder of the century fought for and won short-lived control without any being sufficiently strong to bring about lasting stability.

He was overthrown as regent in 1843 by Ramón María Narváez, a moderate, who was in turn perceived as too reactionary.

This period of time is called the Bourbon Restoration and was marked by conflicts between reactionary Ultra-royalists, who wanted to restore the pre-1789 system of absolute monarchy, and liberals, who wanted to strengthen constitutional monarchy.

Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counter-revolution and a cholera epidemic, and was soon expelled by the city authorities who considered him a political threat.

In Britain, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called Solidarity which is supported by the far-right BNP.

These efforts, however, were hampered by reactionary movements, partly from the religious leadership, but primarily from the Janissary corps, who had become anarchic and ineffectual.

This was a reactionary regime set up by Sparta.

Leninist theory postulates that, with the strongly determined will of the Bourgeoisie to establish Imperialism, socialism will not arise spontaneously through the natural decay of capitalism, and that workers by themselves, who may be more or less sedated by reactionary propaganda, are unable to effectively organise and develop socialist consciousness, therefore requiring the leadership of a revolutionary vanguard organized on the basis of democratic centralism.

Yorkists were tied so much to the old order that Catholic rebellions ( such as the Pilgrimage of Grace ) and aspirations ( exemplified by William Allen ( cardinal )) were seen as continuing in their reactionary footsteps, when in opposition to the Tudors ' reformation policies, although the Tudors were not uniformly Protestant according to Continental definition — instead were true to their Lancastrian Beaufort allegiance, in the appointment of Reginald Pole.